Optimizing Medication Turnaround Time in Hospital Pharmacies: A Systematic Review important, factors and Solutions.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Medication turnaround time (TAT) is a critical metric for evaluating the efficiency and safety of hospital pharmacy operations. Optimizing TAT is essential to ensure patient safety, reduce medication errors, enhance workflow efficiency, enhance resource utilization and enhance both the continuity of care and patient satisfaction. Aim: To discuss the important of TAT, factors influencing medication TAT and provide evidence-based recommendations to optimize medication delivery thereby improve patient care. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was conducted up to June 15, 2025. Eligible studies included if they were conducted in inpatient settings and reported medication TAT as outcome. Outpatient studies and those without relevant data were excluded. Data on study characteristics, interventions, and outcomes were extracted and summarized narratively; no meta-analysis was performed due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Results: Analysis identified several determinants of prolonged TAT included inefficient health IT systems, inadequate communication, staffing limitations, and inconsistent workflows. Effective interventions encompassed automation, workflow redesign, staff role optimization, and process standardization. These strategies consistently reduced TAT, with reported improvements of 10% to over 50%. Conclusion: TAT is a fundamental indicator to measure hospital pharmacy performance and improve patient outcomes. Addressing the barriers through evidence-based strategies can significantly streamline the medication use process. Optimizing medication TAT requires a multifaceted approach that include integrates technology, standardized workflows, and improve human factors. Evidence suggests these approaches not only enhance operational efficiency but also reduce errors, strengthen regulatory compliance, and ultimately improve patient safety as well as satisfaction.
Keywords:
Medication turnaround time (TAT), Hospital pharmacy, Patient safety, Workflow efficiency, Automation, Process standardization, Health information systems, Inpatient care
Article Details
How to Cite
ALMEZINY, Mohammed et al.
Optimizing Medication Turnaround Time in Hospital Pharmacies: A Systematic Review important, factors and Solutions..
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 9, sep. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6942>. Date accessed: 02 jan. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i9.6942.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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4. Tell R, Hoffman I. The elimination of turnaround time in routine ECG processing. J Electrocardiol. 1971;4(3):279-281. doi:10.1016/s0022-0736(71)80042-0
5. Hawkins RC. Laboratory turnaround time. Clin Biochem Rev. 2007;28(4):179-194
6. Braddock CH 3rd, Snyder L. The doctor will see you shortly. The ethical significance of time for the patient-physician relationship. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(11):1057-1062. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00217.x
7. Hurlen P, Østbye T, Borthne A, Gulbrandsen P. Introducing PACS to the late majority. A longitudinal study. J Digit Imaging. 2010;23(1):87-94. doi:10.1007/s10278-008-9160-x
8. Samaan ZM, Klein MD, Mansour ME, DeWitt TG. The impact of the electronic health record on an academic pediatric primary care center. J Ambul Care Manage. 2009;32(3):180-187. doi:10.1097/JAC.0b013e3181ac9667
9. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
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11. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1589-1596. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9
12. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP), taxonomy of medication errors. NCC MERP 2001
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15. Beobide Telleria I, Ferro Uriguen A, Miró Isasi B, Martínez Arrechea S, Genua Goena MI. The impact of automation on the safety of drug dispensing in nursing homes. Impacto de la automatización en la seguridad de la dispensación de medicamentos a centros sociosanitarios. Farm Hosp. 2018;42(4):141-146. Published 2018 Jul 1. doi:10.7399/fh.10949
16. Borrelli EP, Telinoiu M, Nelkin H, Dumitru D, Lucaci JD. Appraising the clinical, operational, and economic impacts of automated medication dispensing cabinets in perioperative and surgical settings: A systematic literature review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024;64(5):102143. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2024.102143
17. Capilli M, Enrico F, Federici M, Comandone T. Increasing pharmacy productivity and reducing medication turnaround times in an Italian comprehensive cancer center by implementing robotic chemotherapy drugs compounding. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2022;28(2):353-361. doi:10.1177/1078155221992851
18. Bagattini ÂM, Borges JLA, Riera R, de Carvalho DCMF. Automation of a tertiary hospital pharmacy drug dispensing system in a lower-middle-income country: A case study and preliminary results. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2022;6:100151. Published 2022 Jun 9. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100151.
19. Hwang J, Koo GK, De Palm SE, et al. Inpatient Pain Medication Administration: Understanding the Process and Its Delays. J Surg Res. 2018;232:49-55. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.080
20. Poon EG, Keohane CA, Yoon CS, et al. Effect of bar-code technology on the safety of medication administration. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1698-1707. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0907115
21. Billstein-Leber M, Carrillo CJD, Cassano AT, Moline K, Robertson JJ. ASHP Guidelines on Preventing Medication Errors in Hospitals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(19):1493-1517. doi:10.2146/ajhp170811
22. World Health Organization (WHO). Communication During Patient Handovers 2013
23. Coulter A, Fitzpatrick R, & Cornwell J. Measures of patients' experience in hospital: purpose, methods and uses. London: King';s Fund: 2009:7-9
24. Brown H, Davidson D, Ellins J. Real-time patient feedback. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Health Services Management Center: 2009.
25. Yulia R, Hartono R, Indrayanti M, Ayumuyas NP, Herawati F. Studying waiting time in pharmacy: A strategy for improving patient satisfaction. MethodsX. 2025;14:103282. Published 2025 Mar 25. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103282
26. Liew JES, Chong Cheng Y, Tai NL, et al. A before-after study to evaluate the effect of pharmacy workflow redesign to improve pharmacy waiting time and reduce medication near misses in Malaysia. Int J Pharm Pract. 2024;32(1):83-90. doi:10.1093/ijpp/riad083
27. Cello, R., Conley, M., Cooley, T., De la Torre, C., Dorn, M., Ferer, D. S., ... & Volpe, G. (2022). ASHP guidelines on the safe use of automated dispensing cabinets. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 79(1), e71-e82.
28. Naylor H, Woloschuk DM, Fitch P, Miller S. Retrospective audit of medication order turnaround time after implementation of standardized definitions. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64(5):346-353. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v64i5.1070
29. Jensen J. The effects of Computerized Provider Order Entry on medication turn-around time: a time-to-first dose study at the Providence Portland Medical Center. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006;2006:384-388
30. Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelhoff DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Monitoring and patient education. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(7):524–545.
31. Khajouei R, Peek N, Wierenga PC, Kersten MJ, Jaspers MW. Effect of predefined order sets and usability problems on efficiency of computerized medication ordering. Int J Med Inform. 2010;79(10):690-698. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.08.001
32. Niazkhani Z, Pirnejad H, van der Sijs H, Aarts J. Evaluating the medication process in the context of CPOE use: the significance of working around the system. Int J Med Inform. 2011;80(7):490-506. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.03.009
33. Chapman AK, Lehmann CU, Donohue PK, Aucott SW. Implementation of computerized provider order entry in a neonatal intensive care unit: Impact on admission workflow. Int J Med Inform. 2012;81(5):291-295. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.12.006
34. Moss J, Berner ES. Evaluating clinical decision support tools for medication administration safety in a simulated environment. Int J Med Inform. 2015;84(5):308-318. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.01.018
35. Lorimer HJ, Lalli SL, Spina SP. Redesign of the pharmacy practice model at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2013;66(1):28-34. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v66i1.1209
36. Raghuvanshi, VP, Choudhary H. Medication Turnaround Time In Hospital Pharmacy Department. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2013:2(5), 626-630
37. Kirschling TE, Rough SS, Ludwig BC. Determining the feasibility of robotic courier medication delivery in a hospital setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66(19):1754-1762. doi:10.2146/ajhp080184
38. Fernandes CM, Worster A, Eva K, Hill S, McCallum C. Pneumatic tube delivery system for blood samples reduces turnaround times without affecting sample quality. J Emerg Nurs. 2006;32(2):139-143. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2005.11.013
39. Cordero L, Kuehn L, Kumar RR, Mekhjian HS. Impact of computerized physician order entry on clinical practice in a newborn intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2004;24(2):88-93. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211000
40. Cunningham TR, Geller ES, Clarke SW. Impact of electronic prescribing in a hospital setting: a process-focused evaluation. Int J Med Inform. 2008;77(8):546-554. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.10.008
41. Gabriel MH, Kotschevar CM, Tarver D, Mastrangelo V, Pezzullo L, Campbell PJ. Specialty pharmacy turnaround time impediments, facilitators, and good practices. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2022;28(11):1244-1251. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1244
42. Barlow B, Barlow A, Hammond DA. Identifying the different types of professional relationships: Are you my mentor? [published correction appears in Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Feb 18;79(5):402. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa368.]. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(18):1463-1465. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa134
43. Alosaimi M, Almeziny M. The Appropriateness of STAT Prescriptions in Emergency Department in a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) hosted a Pharmacy Resident Research Day, 2022.
44. Tsao NW, Lo C, Babich M, Bansback N. Applying Lean methodologies to improve workflow in hospital pharmacies: A systematic review. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2022;29(1):3–10.
45. Sallam M. Enhancing Hospital Pharmacy Operations Through Lean and Six Sigma Strategies: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e57176. Published 2024 Mar 29. doi:10.7759/cureus.57176
46. Almeziny M., Tawakol H, et al," Standardization as a strategy to reduce medication errors" ,2018 Midyear. Clinical Meeting and Exhibition, Anaheim, CA, United State of America.
47. Trbovich, P. (2014). Five ways to incorporate systems thinking into healthcare organizations. Biomedical instrumentation & technology, 48(s2), 31-36.
48. Berner ES. Clinical decision support systems: state of the art. AHRQ publication, 2009:90069, 1-26
49. Temple J, Ludwig B. Implementation and evaluation of carousel dispensing technology in a university medical center pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(10):821-829. doi:10.2146/ajhp090307
50. Binobaid S, Almeziny M, Fan IS. Using an integrated information system to reduce interruptions and the number of non-relevant contacts in the inpatient pharmacy at tertiary hospital. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(5):760-769. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2016.11.005
51. Kok JHJ, Lam CWL, Lee MYJ. Reducing delivery times of emergency blood products through pneumatic tube systems. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2019;13(1):3-9. doi:10.4103/ajts.AJTS_52_18
52. Wang P, Nguyen L. Update to delivering medications via a pneumatic tube system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74(19):1521-1522. doi:10.2146/ajhp150107
53. Almeziny, M., Khurshid, F. M., Alaneazi, N. L., Alotaibi, S. S., Alharbi, S. N., Almitwazi, A. A., ... & Alsultan, M. S. (2020). Perception and satisfaction of stakeholders regarding the patient care area pharmacist initiative in a military hospital in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 19(2), 401-409.
54. Sharifan A. The Strategic Roles of Satellite Pharmacies in Hospital Settings. Hosp Pharm. Published online September 13, 2024. doi:10.1177/00185787241279416
55. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. Impact of Automated Dispensing Cabinets on Medication Turnaround Time 2021
56. Murante AM, Vainieri M, Rojas D, Nuti S. Does feedback influence patient - professional communication? Empirical evidence from Italy. Health Policy. 2014;116(2-3):273-280. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.02.001
57. Gowda NR, Wankar A, Arya S., Vikas H, Narayanan NK, Linto CP. Feedback system in healthcare: the why, what and how. Int J Mark Stud. 2020:12(1), 1-52
2. Bloch DM. Computer-generated management tools for the clinical pathology laboratory: I. Throughput Report. J Med Syst. 1980;4(3-4):367-380. doi:10.1007/BF02222846
3. Mekhjian HS, Kumar RR, Kuehn L, et al. Immediate benefits realized following implementation of physician order entry at an academic medical center. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002;9(5):529-539. doi:10.1197/jamia.m1038
4. Tell R, Hoffman I. The elimination of turnaround time in routine ECG processing. J Electrocardiol. 1971;4(3):279-281. doi:10.1016/s0022-0736(71)80042-0
5. Hawkins RC. Laboratory turnaround time. Clin Biochem Rev. 2007;28(4):179-194
6. Braddock CH 3rd, Snyder L. The doctor will see you shortly. The ethical significance of time for the patient-physician relationship. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(11):1057-1062. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00217.x
7. Hurlen P, Østbye T, Borthne A, Gulbrandsen P. Introducing PACS to the late majority. A longitudinal study. J Digit Imaging. 2010;23(1):87-94. doi:10.1007/s10278-008-9160-x
8. Samaan ZM, Klein MD, Mansour ME, DeWitt TG. The impact of the electronic health record on an academic pediatric primary care center. J Ambul Care Manage. 2009;32(3):180-187. doi:10.1097/JAC.0b013e3181ac9667
9. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287
10. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43(3):304-377. doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4683-6.
11. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(6):1589-1596. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9
12. Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP), taxonomy of medication errors. NCC MERP 2001
13. Alharthi A, Alshagrawi S. The Impact of Standardization of Intravenous Medication on Patient Safety and Quality of Healthcare: A Systematic Review . Open Public Health J, 2024; 17: e18749445335795
14. Almalki A, Jambi A, Elbehiry B, Albuti H. Improving Inpatient Medication Dispensing with an Automated System. Glob J Qual Saf Healthc. 2023;6(4):117-125. Published 2023 Nov 24. doi:10.36401/JQSH-23-15
15. Beobide Telleria I, Ferro Uriguen A, Miró Isasi B, Martínez Arrechea S, Genua Goena MI. The impact of automation on the safety of drug dispensing in nursing homes. Impacto de la automatización en la seguridad de la dispensación de medicamentos a centros sociosanitarios. Farm Hosp. 2018;42(4):141-146. Published 2018 Jul 1. doi:10.7399/fh.10949
16. Borrelli EP, Telinoiu M, Nelkin H, Dumitru D, Lucaci JD. Appraising the clinical, operational, and economic impacts of automated medication dispensing cabinets in perioperative and surgical settings: A systematic literature review. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2024;64(5):102143. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2024.102143
17. Capilli M, Enrico F, Federici M, Comandone T. Increasing pharmacy productivity and reducing medication turnaround times in an Italian comprehensive cancer center by implementing robotic chemotherapy drugs compounding. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2022;28(2):353-361. doi:10.1177/1078155221992851
18. Bagattini ÂM, Borges JLA, Riera R, de Carvalho DCMF. Automation of a tertiary hospital pharmacy drug dispensing system in a lower-middle-income country: A case study and preliminary results. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2022;6:100151. Published 2022 Jun 9. doi:10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100151.
19. Hwang J, Koo GK, De Palm SE, et al. Inpatient Pain Medication Administration: Understanding the Process and Its Delays. J Surg Res. 2018;232:49-55. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.080
20. Poon EG, Keohane CA, Yoon CS, et al. Effect of bar-code technology on the safety of medication administration. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1698-1707. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa0907115
21. Billstein-Leber M, Carrillo CJD, Cassano AT, Moline K, Robertson JJ. ASHP Guidelines on Preventing Medication Errors in Hospitals. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(19):1493-1517. doi:10.2146/ajhp170811
22. World Health Organization (WHO). Communication During Patient Handovers 2013
23. Coulter A, Fitzpatrick R, & Cornwell J. Measures of patients' experience in hospital: purpose, methods and uses. London: King';s Fund: 2009:7-9
24. Brown H, Davidson D, Ellins J. Real-time patient feedback. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Health Services Management Center: 2009.
25. Yulia R, Hartono R, Indrayanti M, Ayumuyas NP, Herawati F. Studying waiting time in pharmacy: A strategy for improving patient satisfaction. MethodsX. 2025;14:103282. Published 2025 Mar 25. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2025.103282
26. Liew JES, Chong Cheng Y, Tai NL, et al. A before-after study to evaluate the effect of pharmacy workflow redesign to improve pharmacy waiting time and reduce medication near misses in Malaysia. Int J Pharm Pract. 2024;32(1):83-90. doi:10.1093/ijpp/riad083
27. Cello, R., Conley, M., Cooley, T., De la Torre, C., Dorn, M., Ferer, D. S., ... & Volpe, G. (2022). ASHP guidelines on the safe use of automated dispensing cabinets. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 79(1), e71-e82.
28. Naylor H, Woloschuk DM, Fitch P, Miller S. Retrospective audit of medication order turnaround time after implementation of standardized definitions. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2011;64(5):346-353. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v64i5.1070
29. Jensen J. The effects of Computerized Provider Order Entry on medication turn-around time: a time-to-first dose study at the Providence Portland Medical Center. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006;2006:384-388
30. Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Scheckelhoff DJ. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Monitoring and patient education. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2021;78(7):524–545.
31. Khajouei R, Peek N, Wierenga PC, Kersten MJ, Jaspers MW. Effect of predefined order sets and usability problems on efficiency of computerized medication ordering. Int J Med Inform. 2010;79(10):690-698. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.08.001
32. Niazkhani Z, Pirnejad H, van der Sijs H, Aarts J. Evaluating the medication process in the context of CPOE use: the significance of working around the system. Int J Med Inform. 2011;80(7):490-506. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.03.009
33. Chapman AK, Lehmann CU, Donohue PK, Aucott SW. Implementation of computerized provider order entry in a neonatal intensive care unit: Impact on admission workflow. Int J Med Inform. 2012;81(5):291-295. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.12.006
34. Moss J, Berner ES. Evaluating clinical decision support tools for medication administration safety in a simulated environment. Int J Med Inform. 2015;84(5):308-318. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.01.018
35. Lorimer HJ, Lalli SL, Spina SP. Redesign of the pharmacy practice model at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2013;66(1):28-34. doi:10.4212/cjhp.v66i1.1209
36. Raghuvanshi, VP, Choudhary H. Medication Turnaround Time In Hospital Pharmacy Department. International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2013:2(5), 626-630
37. Kirschling TE, Rough SS, Ludwig BC. Determining the feasibility of robotic courier medication delivery in a hospital setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009;66(19):1754-1762. doi:10.2146/ajhp080184
38. Fernandes CM, Worster A, Eva K, Hill S, McCallum C. Pneumatic tube delivery system for blood samples reduces turnaround times without affecting sample quality. J Emerg Nurs. 2006;32(2):139-143. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2005.11.013
39. Cordero L, Kuehn L, Kumar RR, Mekhjian HS. Impact of computerized physician order entry on clinical practice in a newborn intensive care unit. J Perinatol. 2004;24(2):88-93. doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211000
40. Cunningham TR, Geller ES, Clarke SW. Impact of electronic prescribing in a hospital setting: a process-focused evaluation. Int J Med Inform. 2008;77(8):546-554. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2007.10.008
41. Gabriel MH, Kotschevar CM, Tarver D, Mastrangelo V, Pezzullo L, Campbell PJ. Specialty pharmacy turnaround time impediments, facilitators, and good practices. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2022;28(11):1244-1251. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.11.1244
42. Barlow B, Barlow A, Hammond DA. Identifying the different types of professional relationships: Are you my mentor? [published correction appears in Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2022 Feb 18;79(5):402. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxaa368.]. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(18):1463-1465. doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxaa134
43. Alosaimi M, Almeziny M. The Appropriateness of STAT Prescriptions in Emergency Department in a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCFHS) hosted a Pharmacy Resident Research Day, 2022.
44. Tsao NW, Lo C, Babich M, Bansback N. Applying Lean methodologies to improve workflow in hospital pharmacies: A systematic review. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2022;29(1):3–10.
45. Sallam M. Enhancing Hospital Pharmacy Operations Through Lean and Six Sigma Strategies: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2024;16(3):e57176. Published 2024 Mar 29. doi:10.7759/cureus.57176
46. Almeziny M., Tawakol H, et al," Standardization as a strategy to reduce medication errors" ,2018 Midyear. Clinical Meeting and Exhibition, Anaheim, CA, United State of America.
47. Trbovich, P. (2014). Five ways to incorporate systems thinking into healthcare organizations. Biomedical instrumentation & technology, 48(s2), 31-36.
48. Berner ES. Clinical decision support systems: state of the art. AHRQ publication, 2009:90069, 1-26
49. Temple J, Ludwig B. Implementation and evaluation of carousel dispensing technology in a university medical center pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(10):821-829. doi:10.2146/ajhp090307
50. Binobaid S, Almeziny M, Fan IS. Using an integrated information system to reduce interruptions and the number of non-relevant contacts in the inpatient pharmacy at tertiary hospital. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(5):760-769. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2016.11.005
51. Kok JHJ, Lam CWL, Lee MYJ. Reducing delivery times of emergency blood products through pneumatic tube systems. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2019;13(1):3-9. doi:10.4103/ajts.AJTS_52_18
52. Wang P, Nguyen L. Update to delivering medications via a pneumatic tube system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74(19):1521-1522. doi:10.2146/ajhp150107
53. Almeziny, M., Khurshid, F. M., Alaneazi, N. L., Alotaibi, S. S., Alharbi, S. N., Almitwazi, A. A., ... & Alsultan, M. S. (2020). Perception and satisfaction of stakeholders regarding the patient care area pharmacist initiative in a military hospital in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 19(2), 401-409.
54. Sharifan A. The Strategic Roles of Satellite Pharmacies in Hospital Settings. Hosp Pharm. Published online September 13, 2024. doi:10.1177/00185787241279416
55. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. Impact of Automated Dispensing Cabinets on Medication Turnaround Time 2021
56. Murante AM, Vainieri M, Rojas D, Nuti S. Does feedback influence patient - professional communication? Empirical evidence from Italy. Health Policy. 2014;116(2-3):273-280. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.02.001
57. Gowda NR, Wankar A, Arya S., Vikas H, Narayanan NK, Linto CP. Feedback system in healthcare: the why, what and how. Int J Mark Stud. 2020:12(1), 1-52