The Most Common Inhalation Allergens of Animals Epithelia, Pollens and Fungi in Male and Female Pediatric Patients with Allergic Renitis in Iraq
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is considered as an abnormal immune response to harmless environmental stimuli usually inhalant allergens. The most prevalent allergic disease in pediatric is AR, the prevalence of AR has gradually increased. Moreover, Inhalation allergens especially pollens are the main cause of AR.
Objective: This study aimed to determine differences between sexes to the most common inhaled allergen (Animals Epithelia, Pollens and Fungi) in Pediatric Patients with allergic rhinitis in Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted during the period from January 2023 to February 2025. Allergic children age ranged from 1 to 14 years old. They were collected from many clinics in City of Iraq. The pediatric inhalation panel kit Polycheck® – Diagnostics was used to reveal to the sensitivity of 20 different allergens.
Results: There were significant disparity between males and females in the positive rates regarding inhalation Allergens of pollens, males exhibited significantly higher sensitivity compared to females for 7 out of 8 pollen allergens; alder pollen (p=0.010), brich pollen (p=0.013), oka pollen (p=0.016), mugwort pollen (p=0.016), plantaine pollen (p=0.021) and timothy grass pollen (p=0.027). Rye pollen ( p=0.109) was not significant, but trended towards higher male sensitivity and Hazel pollen showed no significant difference (p=0.171). Regarding to Fungal Allergens, males showed significantly higher sensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (p=0.032), while no significant gender differences were found for the other fungal and animal epitlelia allergens.
Conclusion: Male pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis in this Iraqi sample are significantly more likely to be sensitive to common environmental pollens (Birch, Alder, Oak, Timothy Grass, Mugwort, Plantain) and fungus (Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus) compared to females.
Keywords:
Allergic rhinitis (AR), Pediatric, Inhalantion allergens, Animals Epithelia, Pollens, Fungi
Article Details
How to Cite
AL-YASIRI, Israa K.; AL-MAYALY, Adel Sahib; JAWAD, Anfal Abdulhussain.
The Most Common Inhalation Allergens of Animals Epithelia, Pollens and Fungi in Male and Female Pediatric Patients with Allergic Renitis in Iraq.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 9, sep. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6957>. Date accessed: 05 dec. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i9.6957.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, et al. Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;152(2):197-206. doi:10.1177/0194599814562166.
3. Goniotakis I, Perikleous E, Fouzas S, Steiropoulos P, Paraskakis E. A Clinical Approach of Allergic Rhinitis in Children. Children. 2023;10(9):1571. doi.org/10.3390/children10091571.
4. Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). Allergy. 2008; 63 Suppl 86:8-160. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995 .2007.01620.x.
5. Meltzer EO, Nathan R, Derebery J, et al. Sleep, quality of life, and productivity impact of nasal symptoms in the United States: findings from the Burden of Rhinitis in America survey. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2009;30(3):244-254. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3230.
6. Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I, et al. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines -2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017; 140(4):950-958. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.050.
7. Huang Z, Li A, Zhu H, et al. Multicenter study of seasonal and regional airborne allergens in Chinese preschoolers with allergic rhinitis. Sci Rep. 2024; 14(1):4754. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54574-z.
8. Fong WCG, Chan A, Zhang H, et al. Childhood food allergy and food allergen sensitisation are associated with adult airways disease: A birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021;32(8): 1764-1772. doi:10.1111/pai.13592.
9. Schauberger E, Myers JMB. Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Disease.In: Burks AW, Holgate ST, ‘O’Hehir RE, Brodie DH, Bacharier LB, Hershey GKK, Peebles RS (eds). 9th ed.Philadelpia, Elsevier. ‘Middleton’s Allergy Principles and Practice 2020; Vol.1.713-44.
10. Guo S, Wang Y, Chen H, Huang N, Li W, Ma D, Yang Y, Zhang S, Zhu R. A Questionnaire Survey on the Prevalence and Parents’ Perceptions of Respiratory Allergies in a 3- to 16-Year-Old Population in Wuhan, China. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(16):4864. doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164864.
11. Varma MG, Reddy AP, Subramanya LM. Prevalence of allergens in children: a single centre experience. Int J Contemp Pediatr 2024;11:1576-82. doi:10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20243084.
12. Cevhertas L, Ogulur I, Maurer DJ, et al. Advances and recent developments in asthma in 2020. Allergy. 2020;75(12):3124-3146. doi:10.1111/all.14607.
13. Caraballo L, Zakzuk J, Lee BW, et al. Particularities of allergy in the Tropics. World Allergy Organ J. 2016;9:20. doi:10.1186/s40413-016-0110-7.
14. Mahesh, PA. Allergy asthma practice in India: Beyond the guidelines “Shivpuri Oration 2017”. Indian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 2019;33(1):8-13. doi:10.4103/ijaai.ijaai_3_19.
15. Zahraldin K, Chandra P, Tuffaha A, Ehlayel M. Sensitization to Common Allergens Among Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in Qatar. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:287-292. doi: org/10.2147/JAA.S295228.
16. Hosseini S, Shoormasti RS, Akramian R, et al. Skin Prick Test Reactivity to Common Aero and Food Allergens among Children with Allergy. Iran J Med Sci. 2014;39(1):29-35. PMID: 24453391; PMCID: PMC3895892
17. Rojas-Méndez IC, Arana-Muñoz O, López-García AI, et al. Frecuencia de reactividad cutánea hacia antígenos inhalables en pacientes con cuadro clínico de enfermedad alérgica [Skin reactivity frequency to aeroallergens in patients with clinical symptoms of allergic disease]. Rev Alerg Mex. 2017;64(1):7-12. doi:10.29262/ram.v64i1.185.
18. Chan, SK., & Leung, DY. Dog and Cat Allergies: Current State of Diagnostic Approaches and Challenges. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2018;10(2):97-105. doi:10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.97.
19. Kim KR, Han MJ, Oh JW. Forecast for Pollen Allergy: A Review from Field Observation to Modeling and Services in Korea. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2021;41(1):127-141. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2020.09.011.
20. Singh AB, Mathur C. Climate change and pollen allergy in India and south asia. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2021;41(1):33–52. doi:org/10.1016/j.iac.2020.09.007.
21. Bernstein DI, Schwartz G, Bernstein JA. Allergic Rhinitis: Mechanisms and Treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2016;36(2):261-278. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2015.12.004 .
22. Baxi SN, Portnoy JM, Larenas-Linnemann D, Phipatanakul W; Environmental Allergens Workgroup. Exposure and Health Effects of Fungi on Humans. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4(3):396-404. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.01.008.
23. Denning DW, Pashley C, Hartl D, et al. Fungal allergy in asthma-state of the art and research needs. Clin Transl Allergy. 2014;4:14. Published 2014 Apr 15. doi:10.1186/2045-7022-4-14.
24. Kwong, K., Robinson M, Sullivan A, Letovsky S, Liu A, Valcour A. Fungal allergen sensitization: Prevalence, risk factors, and geographic variation in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023;1 52(6):1658-68 doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.010.
25. Turkia, SG, Ad'hiahb, AH, Brakhasc, SA, Atiyah, MR. Allergen profile of rhinitis and asthma among Iraqi patients. Elsevier, Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 2020;8(2):637-642. doi:org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.12.018.
26. Abd Al-hadi, A., Alshiblawy, H. J., Al-Jazaeri, T., Al-Yasiri, I. K. The Most Common Allergens in Pediatric Patients in Iraq. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine. EJHM. 2023; 90 (1):1393-1399. doi:10.21608/ejhm.2023.282160.
27. Ahmed MB. and Ad'hiah Ali H. Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: A Profile of Beta-defensins in Serum of Iraqi Patients. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2022;63(5):1941-1954. doi:10.24996/ijs.2022.63.5.8.
28. Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms Driving Gender Differences in Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17(3):19. doi:10.1007/s11882-017-0686-1.
29. Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, et al. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):138. doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01344-4.
30. Park HJ, Lim HS, Park KH, Lee JH, Park JW, Hong CS. Changes in allergen sensitization over the last 30 years in Korea respiratory allergic patients: a single-center. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2014;6(5):434-443. doi:10.4168/aair.2014.6.5.434.
31. Farrokhi S, Gheybi MK, Movahed A, et al. Common aeroallergens in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis living in southwestern part of Iran: based on skin prick test reactivity. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;14(2):133-138.
32. Custovic A, Simpson A. The role of inhalant allergens in allergic airways disease. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2012;22(6):393-401.
33. Rosti B, Mahler V. Adding a second skin prick test reading and modifying the cut-off for beta-lactam-specific IgE enhances the sensitivity in the routine diagnostic workup for immediate beta-lactam hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis. 2020; 83(5):361-371. doi:10.1111/cod.13622.
34. Cudowska B, Lebensztejn DM. Immunogloboulin E-Mediated Food Sensitization in Children with Celiac Disease: A Single-Center Experience. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2021;24(5):492-499. doi:10.5223/pghn.2021.24.5.492.
35. Mir E, Panjabi C, Shah A. Impact of allergic rhinitis in school going children. Asia Pac Allergy. 2012;2(2):93-100. doi:10.5415/apallergy.2012.2.2.93.
36. Bunne J, Hedman L, Perzanowski M, et al. The majority of children sensitized before school-age develop allergic disease before adulthood: a longitudinal population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(2):577-585.e3. doi:org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.023.
37. Hatzler L, Panetta V, Lau S, et al. Molecular spreading and predictive value of preclinical IgE response to Phleum pratense in children with hay fever. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(4):894-901 e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.053
38. Westman M, Stjärne P, Asarnoj A, et al. Natural course and comorbidities of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012; 129(2):403-408. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.036.
39. D’Amato, G, Murrieta-Aguttes M, D’Amato, M, Ansotegui, IJ. Pollen respiratory allergy: Is it really seasonal? World Allergy Organization Journal. 2023; 16(7):100799. doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100799.
40. Lindqvist M, Leth-Møller KB, Linneberg A, et al. Natural course of pollen-induced allergic rhinitis from childhood to adulthood: A 20-year follow up. Allergy. 2024;79(4):884-893. DOI: 10.1111/all.15927.
41. Jensen-Jarolim E, Untersmayr E. Gender-medicine aspects in allergology. Allergy. 2008;63 (5):610-615. DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01645.x.
42. Ahmed MB. And Ad’hiah, AH. Effects of age, Gender and Allergen Type on Immunoglobulin E Level in Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Patients. Iraqi Journal of Science. 2022;63(4):1498-1506. doi:10.24996/ijs.2022.63.4.10.
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