Inflammatory Breast Cancer: What’s in a Name?
Main Article Content
Abstract
One of the most unique and highly aggressive types of cancer is known to be Inflammatory Breast Cancer. IBC is a distinct locally advanced breast cancer with a highly virulent course and extremely low 5- and 10-year survival rates. Although Inflammatory Breast Cancer only accounts for 1-3% of breast cancers it is estimated to account for 10% of breast cancer deaths annually in the United States. The accuracy of diagnosis and classification of this unique cancer is a major concern within patient and medical communities. This in turn has led to a strong advocacy movement. Historically, Inflammatory Breast Cancer was thought to be many different diseases but 100 years ago was defined as a unified disease. Over the past three decades several molecular studies have identified unique gene and protein signatures that make Inflammatory Breast Cancer a truly distinct entity. Despite this, the potential for inaccurate diagnosis and misclassification in cases of Inflammatory Breast Cancer is increased by many factors including its physical presentation.
Keywords:
Inflammatory breast cancer, metastasis, tumor emboli, dermal lymphatics, stem cells, advocacy, miRNA
Article Details
How to Cite
AQUINO, Hilary C.; VAN GOLEN, Kenneth L..
Inflammatory Breast Cancer: What’s in a Name?.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 9, sep. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6962>. Date accessed: 07 jan. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i9.6962.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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4. Kleer, C.G., K.L. van Golen, and S.D. Merajver, Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis. Inflammatory breast cancer: clinical syndrome and molecular determinants. Breast Cancer Res, 2000. 2(6): p. 423-429.
5. Dawood, S. and V. Valero, Clinical Aspects of Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Diagnosis, Criteria, Controversy, in Inlfammatory Breast Cancer: An Update, N.T. Ueno and M. Cristofanilli, Editors. 2012, Springer: New York, N.Y. p. 11-20.
6. Fouad, T.M., et al., Overall survival differences between patients with inflammatory and noninflammatory breast cancer presenting with distant metastasis at diagnosis. Breast cancer research and treatment, 2015. 152(2): p. 407-416.
7. Goldner, B., et al., Incidence of Inflammatory Breast Cancer in Women, 1992–2009, United States. Annals of surgical oncology, 2014. 21(4): p. 1267-1270.
8. van Golen, K.L. and M. Cristofanilli, The Third International Inflammatory Breast Cancer Meeting. Breast Cancer Res, 2013. 15: p. 318-321.
9. Rosenberg C, Golden, Janet, eds. Framing Disease, Studies in Cultural History. Health and Medicine in American Society. Rutgers University Press; 1992.
10. Porter L, Goodman K, Mailman J, Garrett W. Patient Advocates and Researchers as Partners in Cancer Research: a Winning Combination. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. 2023:1-8.
11. Il’yasova D. S-RS, Akushevich I, et al. What can we learn from the age-and race/ethnicity-specific rates of inflammatory breast carcinoma? Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2011;130(2):691-691.
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13. Le-Petross HT, Balema W, Woodward WA. Why Diagnosing Inflammatory Breast Cancer is Hard and How to Overcome the Challenges: a Narrative Review. Chinese Clinical Oncology. 2021;10(6)doi:10.21037/cco-21-116
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16. Relation T, Li, Yaming, Fisher, James L., et al. Inflammatory breast cancer, trimodal treatment and mortality: does where you live matter? Surgery. 2022;171(3):687-692.
17. Devi GR, Fish LJ, Bennion A, et al. Identification of barriers at the primary care provider level to improve inflammatory breast cancer diagnosis and management. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2023;36(102519):1-8.
18. Schinkel JK, Zahm, S.J., Jatoi, I. et al. Racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer survival by inflammatory status and hormone receptor status: an analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. Cancer Causes Control. 2014;25:959-968.
19. Barkataki S, Joglekar-Javandekar M, Brandfield P, Murphy T, Dickson-Witmer D, van Golen KL. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: a Panoramic View. Journal of Rare Diseases and Treatment. 2018;3(2):37-43.
20. Hester RH, Hortobagyi GN, Lim B. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Early Recognition and Diagnosis is Critical. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. October 2021:392-396.
21. KFF. Women’s Health Policy. Accessed June 16, 2025. https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/coverage-of-breast-cancer-screening-and-prevention-services/
22. Takahashi Y, Sridhar, N., Iwase, T. et al. Inflammatory breast cancer, best practice in the community setting. npj Breast Cancer. 2025;11(52)
23. Woodward WA. Deescalation Perils in Inflammatory Breast Cancer. Invited Commentary. JAMA Network Open. Feb 26 2025;8(2)
24. Chippa V, Barazi H. Inflammatory Breast Cancer. StatPearls {Internet}; updated 2023 April 16. Accessed 2025. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564324/
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27. Spears PA. Patient Engagement in Cancer Research from the Patient’s Perspective. Future Oncology. 2021;17(28):3717-3728.
28. Donahue J, Earls J, Fraser V, Mason G, Pirowski H, Stephens P. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) advocacy - past, present and future! International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. 2023;doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.11.001
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33. Scientific Peer Review of Breast Cancer Research Applications for the Department of Defense. 2012.
34. Avery J, Thomas R, Howell D, Dubouloz Wilner C-J. Empowering Cancer Survivors in Managing Their Own Health: A Paradoxical Dynamic Process of Taking and Letting Go of Control. Qualitative Health Research. 2023;33(5):412-425.
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39. Dahlbeck, S.W., J.F. Donnelly, and R.L. Theriault, Differentiating inflammatory breast cancer from acute mastitis. Am Fam Physician, 1995. 52(3): p. 929-34.
40. Chambler, A.F., et al., Inflammatory breast carcinoma. Surg Oncol, 1995. 4(5): p. 245-54.
41. Dvoretsky, P.M., et al., The pathology of breast cancer in women irradiated for acute postpartum mastitis. Cancer, 1980. 46(10): p. 2257-62.
42. Charpin, C., et al., Inflammatory breast carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study using monoclonal anti-pHER-2/neu, pS2, cathepsin, ER and PR. Anticancer Res, 1992. 12(3): p. 591-7.
43. Moll, U.M., G. Riou, and A.J. Levine, Two distinct mechanisms alter p53 in breast cancer: mutation and nuclear exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1992. 89(15): p. 7262-6.
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45. van Golen KL, Davies S, Wu ZF, Wang Y, Bucana CD, Root H, Chandrasekharappa S, Strawderman M, Ethier SP, Merajver SD. A novel putative low-affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, LIBC (lost in inflammatory breast cancer), and RhoC GTPase correlate with the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999;5(9):2511-9. Epub 1999/09/28. PubMed PMID: 10499627.
46. van Golen KL, Wu ZF, Qiao XT, Bao LW, Merajver SD. RhoC GTPase, a novel transforming oncogene for human mammary epithelial cells that partially recapitulates the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. Cancer research. 2000;60(20):5832-8. Epub 2000/11/04. PubMed PMID: 11059780.
47. Van Laere, S., Van der Auwera, I., Van den Eynden, G.G., Fox, S.B., Bianchi, F., Harris, A.L., van Dam, P., Van Marck, E.A., Vermeulen, P.B., and Dirix, L.Y. Distinct molecular signature of inflammatory breast cancer by cDNA microarray analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 93(3): 237-46.
48. Lehman, H.L., et al., Modeling and characterization of inflammatory breast cancer emboli grown in vitro. Int J Cancer, 2012.
49. Xiao, Y., Ye, Y., Yearsley, K., Jones, S. and Barsky, S.H. The lymphovasular embolus of inflammatory breast cancer expresses a stem cell-like phenotype. Am J Pathol 173(2): 561-74. 2008
50. Yousefina, S. Forootan, S.F., Forootan, S.S., Esfahani, M.H.N., Gure, A.O. and Ghaedi, K. Mechanistic pathways of malignancy in breast cancer stem cells. Front. Oncol. 10. 2020 https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00452
51. Van Laere, S.J., Van der Auwera, I., Van den Enynden, G.G., van Dam, P., Van Marck, E.A.,Vermeulen, P.B. and Dirix, L.Y. NF-kappaB activation in inflammatory breast cancer is associated with oestrogen receptor downregulation, secondary to EGFR and/or ERbB2 overexpression and MAPK hyperactivation. Br J Cancer 97(5): 659-69. 2007.
52. Lehman, H.L., Van Laere, S.J., van Golen, C.M., Vermeulen, P.B., Dirix, L.Y. and van Golen, K.L. Regulation of inflammatory breast cancer cell invasion through Akt1/PKB phosphorylation of RhoC GTPase. Mol Cancer Res 10(10): 1306-18. 2012.
53. Joglekar, M., Elbazanti, W.O., Wietzman, M.D., Lehman, H.L. and van Golen, K.L. Caveolin-1 mediates inflammatory breast cancer cell invasion via the Akt1 pathway and RhoC GTPase. J Cell Biochem 116(6): 923-33. 2015.
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