The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction technique in an orthodontic extraction case with Labial Braces
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the previous article on the method, we studied how to systematically close the extraction gap to resolve constricted alveolar bone malocclusion, which is common in orthodontics and may require several months or years to resolve. The main study pertains to orthodontic cases with a substantial arch-length discrepancy that require extractions; Class II Division 1 and 2 cases typically favor first bicuspid extractions. The study showed that root canal treatment of the indicated extraction bicuspids facilitates interproximal reduction of the mesial and distal areas, thereby providing space. This method provides an option to reduce the Arch Length Discrepancy and delay extraction timing during the initial alignment stage. The orthodontist's initial treatment aims to align the crowded area and correct the Curve of Spee. The treatment could begin with bracket placement, either Lingual or Labial orthodontic method, before reaching a stage at which it is ready to close the space created without extraction. This paper presents case studies to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of delaying extraction using the Root Canal First Before Extraction method. The sample cases are used to demonstrate the method's effectiveness and to highlight potential disadvantages in complex cases.
Keywords:
regional acceleration phenomena（RAP), bone density, delayed tooth extraction timing, root canal treatment (RCT), time to close the extraction site in orthodontics, arch length discrepancy (ALD), interproximal reduction (IPR), tooth movement, labial brackets, lingual brackets, Root Canal First Before Extraction method
Article Details
How to Cite
AONUMA, Michiko et al.
The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction technique in an orthodontic extraction case with Labial Braces.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 12, dec. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7016>. Date accessed: 15 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i12.7016.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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7. Hsu JT, Chang HW, Huang HL, Yu JH, Li YF, Tu MG. Bone density changes around teeth during orthodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2011 Aug;15(4):511-9. doi: 10.1007/s00784-010-0410-1.
8. Cristian et al. The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction Technique in an Orthodontic Extraction Case. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 12, Dec. 2025. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7016 doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i12.7016.
9. Mapare S, Mundada R, Karra A, Agrawal S, Mahajan SB, Tadawalkar A. Extraction or Nonextraction in Orthodontic Cases: A Review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S2-S5. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_549_20. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PMID: 34447032.
10. Kim TW, Little RM. Postretention assessment of deep overbite correction in Class II Division 2 malocclusion. The Angle orthodontist. 1999 Apr; 69(2):175-86.
11. Kim J, Akimoto S, Shinji H, Sato S. Importance of vertical dimension and cant of occlusal plane in craniofacial development. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2009;2(3):114. doi: 10.1007/s12548-009-0022-z.
12. .Kim K-M, Sasaguri K, Akimoto S, Sato S. Mandibular rotation and occlusal development during facial growth. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2009;2(3):122. doi: 10.1007/s12548-009-0023-y.
13. Yu JH, Huang HL, Liu CF, Wu J, Li YF, Tsai MT, Hsu JT. Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density? Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(10):e3080. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003080.
14. Phutinart S, Krisanaprakornkit S, Makeudom A, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. Periodontal ligament proliferation and expressions of bone biomolecules upon orthodontic preloading: Clinical implications for tooth autotransplantation. Korean J Orthod. 2020 May 25;50(3):188-196. doi: 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.3.188.
15. Dong Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Gong W, Guo M, Wu Y, Hu Y, Zheng L. Biomechanical effects of root/cortical bone relation on tooth movement during premolar-extraction space closure with clear aligners: a finite element study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Nov 19;13:1717813. doi: 10.3389 /fbioe.2025.1717813.
16. Tsuge A, Noda K, Nakamura Y. Early tissue reaction in the tension zone of PDL during orthodontic tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol. 2016 May;65:17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01. 007. Epub 2016 Jan 21. PMID: 26828679.
17. Edwards, J. G. (1971). The prevention of relapse in extraction cases. American Journal of Orthodontics, 60(2), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90029-7
18. Romance, C., Dascălu, C.G., et al., 2025. The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction Technique in an Orthodontic Extraction Case. Medical Research Archives, [online] 13(12). doi.org /10.18103/mra.v13i12.7016
19. Patel KS, Parmar I, Digumarthi UK, Parmar J, Quraishi A, Patel K, Shah A, Shah K, Jani B, Arora MA. Temporary Anchorage Device: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2025 Apr 2;17(4):e81617. doi: 10.7759/ cureus.81617. PMID: 40322412; PMCID: PMC12048039.
20. Wilmes B, et al., The Benefit System and its scope in contemporary orthodontic protocols, Department of Orthodontics, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. doi:10.4 103/2321-1407.163414
21. Anka, G. and Athanasiou, A.E. (2024). Skeletal Anchorage for the Correction of the Canted Occlusal Plane. In Dentofacial and Occlusal Asymmetries (eds B. Melsen and A.E. Athanasiou). DOI: 10.1002/9781119794844.ch12.3
22. Kim, TW (Kim, Tae-Woo) ; Kim, H (Kim, Hyewon) ; Lee, SJ (Lee, Shin-Jae) Correction of deep overbite and gummy smile by using a mini-implant with a segmented wire in a growing Class 11 Division 2 patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS Volume130Issue5Page676-685 DOI10.1016/j.ajod o.2005.07.013
23. Mukaida K, Mayahara K, Sanuki-Suzuki R, Tamura T, Shimizu N. Treatment of bimaxillary protrusion with temporary anchorage devices. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(2):316-319. doi: 10.2334/josnusd .17-0152. PMID: 29925716.
24. Abbing A, Koretsi V, Eliades T, Papageorgiou SN. Duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in adolescents and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Prog Orthod. 2020 Oct 5;21(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s40510-020-00334-4.
25. Melis M, Di Giosia M, Zawawi KH. Oral myofunctional therapy for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Cranio. 2022 Jan;40(1):41-47. doi: 10.1080/088696 34.2019.1668996. Epub 2019 Sep 17. PMID: 31530110.
26. Villa MP, Evangelisti M, Barreto M, Cecili M, Kaditis A. Short lingual frenulum as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing in school-age children. Sleep Med. 2020; 66:119-122. doi:10.1016/j.sleep. 2019.09.019
27. Oliver S, Keyser MMB, Jhingree S, Bocklage C, Lathrop H, Giduz N, Moss K, Blakey G, White R, Turvey T, Mielke J, Zajac D, Jacox LA. Impacts of anterior-posterior jaw disproportions on speech of dentofacial disharmony patients. Eur J Orthod. 2023 Feb 10;45(1):1-10. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjac057. PMID: 36308520; PMCID: PMC9912703.
28. Erdem ME, Çoban G, Öztürk T, Yağcı A, Yavuz İ, Irgın C, Gül Amuk N, Türker G, Demirbaş AE, Soylu E, Kaba YN, Bilge S, Asan CY, Topan C, Alkan A. Skeletal deformities and surgical procedures in orthognathic surgery patients: a 10-Year retrospective analysis of 1095 cases. BMC Oral Health. 2025 Nov 28;25(1):1852. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-07265-8.
29. Bunta O, Filip I, Garba C, Colceriu-Simon IM, Olteanu C, Festila D, Ghergie M. Tongue Behavior in Anterior Open Bite-A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Mar 14;15(6):724. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15060724.
30. Coclici A, Roman RA, Crasnean E, Faur C, Bran S, Baciut M, Dinu C, Hedesiu M. An Overview of the Post-Traumatic Mandibular Bifid Condyle. Maedica (Bucur). 2020 Jun;15(2):258-265. doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.2.258.
31. Nogami Y, Saitoh I, Inada E, Murakami D, Iwase Y, Kubota N, Nakamura Y, Kimi M, Hayasaki H, Yamasaki Y, Kaihara Y. Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021 Jan 21;26(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12199-021-00933-5.
32. Nordahl S, Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Eliasson S, Kopp S. Pain, tenderness, mandibular mobility, and anterior open bite in relation to radiographic erosions in temporomandibular joint disease. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997 Jan;55(1):18-22. doi: 10.3109/00016359709091935.
33. Monini S, Malagola C, Villa MP, et al. Rapid Maxillary Expansion for the Treatment of Nasal Obstruction in Children Younger Than 12 Years. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135(1): 22–27. doi:10.1001/archoto.2008.521
34. Ugolini A, Agostino P, Silvestrini-Biavati A, Harrison JE, Batista KB. Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 24;12(12):CD000979. doi: 10.1002/146 51858.CD000979.pub3.
35. Kim D, Shim GJ, Han MD, Boboeva O, Kwon TG. Nonsurgical correction of occlusal canting using temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2024;10(20):e39043. Published 20 24 Oct 9. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39043
36. Anka G, Athanasios E. A. Orthodontics, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Asymmetries: Skeletal Anchorage for the Correction of the Canted Occlusal Plane, Dentofacial and Occlusal Asymmetries Pages: 220 – 255 Book Chapter Open Access2024EID: 2-s2.0-85207556855 DOI: 10.100 2/9781119794844.ch12.3
37. Patowary J, Ravada USS, Kandikatla P, et al. Role of Orthodontic Tooth Movement on Temporomandibular Joint: An Original Research. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022;14(Suppl 1):S264-S266. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_720_21
38. Tobe S, Ishiyama H, Nishiyama A, Miyazono K, Kimura H, Fueki K. Effects of Jaw-Opening Exercises with/without Pain for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 15;19(24):16840. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416840.
39. Anka G. Kharbanda O, Orthodontic Management of Transverse Cant of Occlusal Plane; Kharbanda's Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, Vol 1&2 – Set, Chapter 84, 4th Edition - February 4, 2026, Elsevier.
40. Kravitz ND, Kusnoto B, Tsay PT, Hohlt WF. Intrusion of Overerupted Upper First Molar Using Two Orthodontic Miniscrews: A Case Report. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007 Sep;77(5):915–922. doi: 10.2319/050106-187.1
41. Kee J.l., The Application of TADs for Gummy Smile Correction, Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics (p.633-645), DOI:10.1002/ 9781119513636.ch58
42. Bishara SE, Ortho D, Burkey PS. Second molar extractions: a review. Am J Orthod. 1986;89(5): 415-424. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(86)90073-4
43. Ruslin M, Hajrah Yusuf AS, Forouzanfar T, et al. One-year stability of the mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation for correction of the skeletal class II malocclusion and high mandibular plane angle: Dental and skeletal aspect. Biomed J. 2022;45(1):206-214. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2021.02.005
44. Clijmans M, Medhat A, Geest AD, van Gastel J, Kellens A, Fieuws S, Willems G. Judging orthodontic treatment complexity. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016 Jan-Feb;21(1):60-6. doi: 10.1590/21 77-6709.21.1.060-066.oar.
2. Priya D, Sundareswaran S, Mishra N, Sathyanathan S, Shibin M, Jisha B. Timing of Therapeutic Extractions Can Affect En Masse Anterior Retraction: A Split Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial. Turk J Orthod. 2024 Dec 31;37(4):213 -220. doi: 10.4274/TurkJOrthod.2024.2023.6.
3. Verna C. Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon. Front Oral Biol. 2016;18:28-35. doi: 10.1159/00 0351897. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
4. Mathews DP, Kokich VG. Accelerating tooth movement: the case against corticotomy-induced orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013 Jul;144(1):5-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.04.008.
5. Park, H., Lee, Y., Jeong, S., & Kwon, T. (2007). Density of the alveolar and basal bones of the maxilla and the mandible. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 133(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.01.044
6. Yu JH, Huang HL, Liu CF, Wu J, Li YF, Tsai MT, Hsu JT. Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density? Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(10):e3080. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003080.
7. Hsu JT, Chang HW, Huang HL, Yu JH, Li YF, Tu MG. Bone density changes around teeth during orthodontic treatment. Clin Oral Investig. 2011 Aug;15(4):511-9. doi: 10.1007/s00784-010-0410-1.
8. Cristian et al. The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction Technique in an Orthodontic Extraction Case. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 12, Dec. 2025. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7016 doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i12.7016.
9. Mapare S, Mundada R, Karra A, Agrawal S, Mahajan SB, Tadawalkar A. Extraction or Nonextraction in Orthodontic Cases: A Review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2021 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S2-S5. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_549_20. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PMID: 34447032.
10. Kim TW, Little RM. Postretention assessment of deep overbite correction in Class II Division 2 malocclusion. The Angle orthodontist. 1999 Apr; 69(2):175-86.
11. Kim J, Akimoto S, Shinji H, Sato S. Importance of vertical dimension and cant of occlusal plane in craniofacial development. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2009;2(3):114. doi: 10.1007/s12548-009-0022-z.
12. .Kim K-M, Sasaguri K, Akimoto S, Sato S. Mandibular rotation and occlusal development during facial growth. Int J Stomatol Occlusion Med. 2009;2(3):122. doi: 10.1007/s12548-009-0023-y.
13. Yu JH, Huang HL, Liu CF, Wu J, Li YF, Tsai MT, Hsu JT. Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density? Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(10):e3080. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003080.
14. Phutinart S, Krisanaprakornkit S, Makeudom A, Suzuki B, Suzuki EY. Periodontal ligament proliferation and expressions of bone biomolecules upon orthodontic preloading: Clinical implications for tooth autotransplantation. Korean J Orthod. 2020 May 25;50(3):188-196. doi: 10.4041/kjod.2020.50.3.188.
15. Dong Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Gong W, Guo M, Wu Y, Hu Y, Zheng L. Biomechanical effects of root/cortical bone relation on tooth movement during premolar-extraction space closure with clear aligners: a finite element study. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Nov 19;13:1717813. doi: 10.3389 /fbioe.2025.1717813.
16. Tsuge A, Noda K, Nakamura Y. Early tissue reaction in the tension zone of PDL during orthodontic tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol. 2016 May;65:17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01. 007. Epub 2016 Jan 21. PMID: 26828679.
17. Edwards, J. G. (1971). The prevention of relapse in extraction cases. American Journal of Orthodontics, 60(2), 128-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(71)90029-7
18. Romance, C., Dascălu, C.G., et al., 2025. The method of Root Canal Treatment before Extraction Technique in an Orthodontic Extraction Case. Medical Research Archives, [online] 13(12). doi.org /10.18103/mra.v13i12.7016
19. Patel KS, Parmar I, Digumarthi UK, Parmar J, Quraishi A, Patel K, Shah A, Shah K, Jani B, Arora MA. Temporary Anchorage Device: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2025 Apr 2;17(4):e81617. doi: 10.7759/ cureus.81617. PMID: 40322412; PMCID: PMC12048039.
20. Wilmes B, et al., The Benefit System and its scope in contemporary orthodontic protocols, Department of Orthodontics, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. doi:10.4 103/2321-1407.163414
21. Anka, G. and Athanasiou, A.E. (2024). Skeletal Anchorage for the Correction of the Canted Occlusal Plane. In Dentofacial and Occlusal Asymmetries (eds B. Melsen and A.E. Athanasiou). DOI: 10.1002/9781119794844.ch12.3
22. Kim, TW (Kim, Tae-Woo) ; Kim, H (Kim, Hyewon) ; Lee, SJ (Lee, Shin-Jae) Correction of deep overbite and gummy smile by using a mini-implant with a segmented wire in a growing Class 11 Division 2 patient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS Volume130Issue5Page676-685 DOI10.1016/j.ajod o.2005.07.013
23. Mukaida K, Mayahara K, Sanuki-Suzuki R, Tamura T, Shimizu N. Treatment of bimaxillary protrusion with temporary anchorage devices. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(2):316-319. doi: 10.2334/josnusd .17-0152. PMID: 29925716.
24. Abbing A, Koretsi V, Eliades T, Papageorgiou SN. Duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in adolescents and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Prog Orthod. 2020 Oct 5;21(1):37. doi: 10.1186/s40510-020-00334-4.
25. Melis M, Di Giosia M, Zawawi KH. Oral myofunctional therapy for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review. Cranio. 2022 Jan;40(1):41-47. doi: 10.1080/088696 34.2019.1668996. Epub 2019 Sep 17. PMID: 31530110.
26. Villa MP, Evangelisti M, Barreto M, Cecili M, Kaditis A. Short lingual frenulum as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing in school-age children. Sleep Med. 2020; 66:119-122. doi:10.1016/j.sleep. 2019.09.019
27. Oliver S, Keyser MMB, Jhingree S, Bocklage C, Lathrop H, Giduz N, Moss K, Blakey G, White R, Turvey T, Mielke J, Zajac D, Jacox LA. Impacts of anterior-posterior jaw disproportions on speech of dentofacial disharmony patients. Eur J Orthod. 2023 Feb 10;45(1):1-10. doi: 10.1093/ejo/cjac057. PMID: 36308520; PMCID: PMC9912703.
28. Erdem ME, Çoban G, Öztürk T, Yağcı A, Yavuz İ, Irgın C, Gül Amuk N, Türker G, Demirbaş AE, Soylu E, Kaba YN, Bilge S, Asan CY, Topan C, Alkan A. Skeletal deformities and surgical procedures in orthognathic surgery patients: a 10-Year retrospective analysis of 1095 cases. BMC Oral Health. 2025 Nov 28;25(1):1852. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-07265-8.
29. Bunta O, Filip I, Garba C, Colceriu-Simon IM, Olteanu C, Festila D, Ghergie M. Tongue Behavior in Anterior Open Bite-A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Mar 14;15(6):724. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15060724.
30. Coclici A, Roman RA, Crasnean E, Faur C, Bran S, Baciut M, Dinu C, Hedesiu M. An Overview of the Post-Traumatic Mandibular Bifid Condyle. Maedica (Bucur). 2020 Jun;15(2):258-265. doi: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.2.258.
31. Nogami Y, Saitoh I, Inada E, Murakami D, Iwase Y, Kubota N, Nakamura Y, Kimi M, Hayasaki H, Yamasaki Y, Kaihara Y. Prevalence of an incompetent lip seal during growth periods throughout Japan: a large-scale, survey-based, cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med. 2021 Jan 21;26(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12199-021-00933-5.
32. Nordahl S, Alstergren P, Appelgren A, Appelgren B, Eliasson S, Kopp S. Pain, tenderness, mandibular mobility, and anterior open bite in relation to radiographic erosions in temporomandibular joint disease. Acta Odontol Scand. 1997 Jan;55(1):18-22. doi: 10.3109/00016359709091935.
33. Monini S, Malagola C, Villa MP, et al. Rapid Maxillary Expansion for the Treatment of Nasal Obstruction in Children Younger Than 12 Years. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135(1): 22–27. doi:10.1001/archoto.2008.521
34. Ugolini A, Agostino P, Silvestrini-Biavati A, Harrison JE, Batista KB. Orthodontic treatment for posterior crossbites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 24;12(12):CD000979. doi: 10.1002/146 51858.CD000979.pub3.
35. Kim D, Shim GJ, Han MD, Boboeva O, Kwon TG. Nonsurgical correction of occlusal canting using temporary anchorage devices: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2024;10(20):e39043. Published 20 24 Oct 9. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39043
36. Anka G, Athanasios E. A. Orthodontics, Maxillofacial Surgery, and Asymmetries: Skeletal Anchorage for the Correction of the Canted Occlusal Plane, Dentofacial and Occlusal Asymmetries Pages: 220 – 255 Book Chapter Open Access2024EID: 2-s2.0-85207556855 DOI: 10.100 2/9781119794844.ch12.3
37. Patowary J, Ravada USS, Kandikatla P, et al. Role of Orthodontic Tooth Movement on Temporomandibular Joint: An Original Research. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2022;14(Suppl 1):S264-S266. doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_720_21
38. Tobe S, Ishiyama H, Nishiyama A, Miyazono K, Kimura H, Fueki K. Effects of Jaw-Opening Exercises with/without Pain for Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 15;19(24):16840. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416840.
39. Anka G. Kharbanda O, Orthodontic Management of Transverse Cant of Occlusal Plane; Kharbanda's Orthodontics: Diagnosis and Management of Malocclusion and Dentofacial Deformities, Vol 1&2 – Set, Chapter 84, 4th Edition - February 4, 2026, Elsevier.
40. Kravitz ND, Kusnoto B, Tsay PT, Hohlt WF. Intrusion of Overerupted Upper First Molar Using Two Orthodontic Miniscrews: A Case Report. The Angle Orthodontist. 2007 Sep;77(5):915–922. doi: 10.2319/050106-187.1
41. Kee J.l., The Application of TADs for Gummy Smile Correction, Temporary Anchorage Devices in Clinical Orthodontics (p.633-645), DOI:10.1002/ 9781119513636.ch58
42. Bishara SE, Ortho D, Burkey PS. Second molar extractions: a review. Am J Orthod. 1986;89(5): 415-424. doi:10.1016/0002-9416(86)90073-4
43. Ruslin M, Hajrah Yusuf AS, Forouzanfar T, et al. One-year stability of the mandibular advancement and counterclockwise rotation for correction of the skeletal class II malocclusion and high mandibular plane angle: Dental and skeletal aspect. Biomed J. 2022;45(1):206-214. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2021.02.005
44. Clijmans M, Medhat A, Geest AD, van Gastel J, Kellens A, Fieuws S, Willems G. Judging orthodontic treatment complexity. Dental Press J Orthod. 2016 Jan-Feb;21(1):60-6. doi: 10.1590/21 77-6709.21.1.060-066.oar.