A Strategic Action Model for Understanding, Designing, and Achieving Community-level One Health Implementation

Abstract

Background: The One Health approach, linking human, animal, and environmental health, is essential for addressing threats such as zoonotic disease and antimicrobial resistance. However, its application at the community level is limited by the absence of clear operational guidance, leaving local populations at risk. There is a need for an actionable framework that supports communities in translating One Health into practice.

Objectives: This article presents a comprehensive roadmap for community-level One Health implementation developed through synthesis of published literature, global frameworks, and case studies. We identify community health priorities, describe mixed-methods needs assessment approaches, outline implementation barriers, recommend evidence-based strategies, and define essential competencies for community-based One Health workforce development

Methods: A narrative review approach synthesized evidence from peer-reviewed literature, gray literature, and organizational guidelines including WHO, FAO, and WOAH frameworks. Community needs assessment methods were evaluated across quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and participatory approaches. Case studies from Rwanda, Washington State, Uganda, and India informed practical recommendations.

Results: Key community needs include local zoonotic risk assessment, accessible veterinary services, environmental monitoring, integrated syndromic surveillance, and workforce capacity building. Major barriers encompass sectoral silos, weak communication systems, short-term funding, limited community engagement, and inadequate multidisciplinary training. Evidence-based strategies include establishing multisectoral coordination mechanisms, implementing lightweight integrated data systems, developing layered workforce training programs, utilizing participatory co-design approaches, securing sustainable financing, and building community trust through transparent processes. A competency framework outlines essential skills spanning risk communication, surveillance, environmental assessment, animal health basics, coordination, and cultural competence.

Conclusions: Effective One Health implementation depends on community-level action guided by locally-relevant, evidence-based frameworks. By systematically assessing community needs and developing collaborative, context-specific solutions, policymakers and program managers can strengthen health system resilience and pandemic preparedness. The proposed roadmap provides practical guidance for translating One Health principles into community action, addressing interconnected health challenges through sustained intersectoral partnerships and community empowerment.