Mammography tamizaje as part of a preventive profile: associations with healthy lifestyle behaviors and social determinants
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mammography tamizaje is the cornerstone of early breast cancer detection and has been shown to reduce mortality when performed regularly. However, its population-level impact largely depends on sustained adherence and on factors that extend beyond the technical availability of the examination. Increasing evidence indicates that participation in mammography tamizaje is embedded within a broader preventive health profile, characterized by engagement in self-care behaviors, regular use of health services, and adoption of healthy lifestyle practices. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the available evidence on adherence to mammography tamizaje from a preventive profile perspective, integrating individual behaviors, social determinants of health, and health system characteristics, while considering regional differences between high-income countries and regions such as Latin America and Asia. Observational studies, systematic reviews, and population-based analyses addressing education, income, social context, health system organization, and tamizaje models were examined. The literature consistently shows that organized tamizaje programs with active invitation and systematic follow-up achieve higher coverage and equity than opportunistic models, whereas social vulnerability and health system fragmentation limit sustained adherence. Marked regional disparities in tamizaje implementation and impact are also evident. Overall, this review highlights the need for integrated approaches that align health policies, clinical practice, and research strategies with social and structural contexts to maximize the benefits of mammography tamizaje.
Keywords:
Mammography, Mass Screening, Health Behavior, Social Determinants of Health, Health Services Accessibility
Article Details
How to Cite
CAMEJO, Natalia et al.
Mammography tamizaje as part of a preventive profile: associations with healthy lifestyle behaviors and social determinants.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 2, feb. 2026.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7297>. Date accessed: 24 mar. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v14i2.7297.
Keywords
Mammography; Mass Tamizaje; Health Behavior; Social Determinants of Health; Health Services Accessibility; Health Inequalities
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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10. Sarmiento DD, Tumas N, Pereyra SA, Scruzzi GF, Pou SA. Social Determinants of Breast Cancer Screening: A Multilevel Analysis of Proximal and Distal Factors Related to the Practice of Mammography. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2024 Dec 2;33(12):1651-1658. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.
11. Chan DNS, Li C, Law BMH, Xu B, Kwok C. Factors Influencing the Utilisation of Mammography Among Ethnic Minorities: A Framework-Driven Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Immigr Minor Health. 2024 Jun;26(3):569-595. doi: 10.1007/s10903-023-01564-4.
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13. Heinig M, Schäfer W, Langner I, Zeeb H, Haug U. German mammography screening program: adherence, characteristics of (non-)participants and utilization of non-screening mammography-a longitudinal analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023 Aug 31;23(1):1678. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16589-5.
14. Narayan AK, Flores EJ, Harvey HB, Lehman CD. Population-Based Health Engagement Opportunities Through Breast Imaging: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Oct;15(10):1401-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.06.020.
15. Rosenberg SM, Moskowitz CS, Ford JS, et al. Health care utilization, lifestyle, and emotional factors and mammography practices in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Nov;24(11):1699-706. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-1377.
16. Volesky KD, Villeneuve PJ. Examining screening mammography participation among women aged 40 to 74. Can Fam Physician. 2017 Jun;63(6):e300-e309.
17. Fajardo LL, Saint-Germain M, Meakem TJ 3rd, Rose C, Hillman BJ. Factors influencing women to undergo screening mammography. Radiology. 1992 Jul;184(1):59-63. doi: 10.1148/radiology.184.1.1609103.
18. Pokora RM, Büttner M, Schulz A, et al. Determinants of mammography screening participation-a cross-sectional analysis of the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). PLoS One. 2022 Oct 5;17(10):e0275525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275525.
19. Kasper G, Momen M, Sorice KA, et al. Effect of neighborhood and individual-level socioeconomic factors on breast cancer screening adherence in a multi-ethnic study. BMC Public Health. 2024 Jan 2;24(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17252-9.
20. Vinegar J, Ericson M, Espinoza L, Dawkins-Moultin L, Teteh-Brooks DK. Perceived everyday discrimination, socioeconomic status, and mammography behavior. Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 28;14(1):30886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81638-x.
21. Jolidon V, De Prez V, Bracke P, Bell A, Burton-Jeangros C, Cullati S. Revisiting the Effects of Organized Mammography Programs on Inequalities in Breast Screening Uptake: A Multilevel Analysis of Nationwide Data From 1997 to 2017. Front Public Health. 2022 Feb 7;10:812776. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.812776.
22. Sala DCP, Tanaka OY, Luz RA, et al. Barriers and facilitators of the implementation of mammography screening in the Brazilian public health system: scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2025 May 6;25(1):1659. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22889-9.
23. Fuhrmann J, Heinävaara S, Sarkeala T, Lehtinen M, Pankakoski M. Coverage of mammography imaging in and outside an organized breast cancer screening program - variation by age and sociodemographic groups. Acta Oncol. 2024 Oct 29;63:833-840. doi: 10.2340/1651-226X.2024.40830.
24. Zeballos Torrez CR, Gasior JA, Ginzberg SP, et al. Identifying and Addressing Barriers to Screening Mammography in a Medically Underserved Community. Acad Radiol. 2024 Jul;31(7):2643-2650. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.12.013.
25. Barrios CH, Werutsky G, Mohar A, et al. Cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean: recent advances and opportunities to move forward. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):e474-e487. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00492-7.
26. Mosquera I, Barajas CB, Zhang L, et al. Assessment of organization of cervical and breast cancer screening programmes in the Latin American and the Caribbean states: The CanScreen5 framework. Cancer Med. 2023 Oct;12(19):19935-19948. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6492.
27. Nuche-Berenguer B, Sakellariou D. Socioeconomic determinants of cancer screening utilisation in Latin America: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2019 Nov 25;14(11):e0225667. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225667.
28. Bertaut A, Coudert J, Bengrine L, Dancourt V, Binquet C, Douvier S. Does mammogram attendance influence participation in cervical and colorectal cancer screening? A prospective study among 1856 French women. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 21;13(6):e0198939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198939.
29. Schroeder T, Ozieh MN, Thorgerson A, Williams JS, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Social Risk Factor Domains and Preventive Care Services in US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Oct 1;7(10):e2437492. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.37492.
30. Goel N, Lubarsky M, Hernandez AE, et al. Unmet Social Needs and Breast Cancer Screening Utilization and Stage at Presentation. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Feb 5;7(2):e2355301. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55301.
31. Buschmann L, Bonberg N, Baurecht H, et al. Participation in the German Mammography Screening Program: An Analysis of Data From the NAKO Health Study. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025 Nov 28;(Forthcoming):arztebl.m2025.0156. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0156.
32. Lagerlund M, Drake I, Wirfält E, Sontrop JM, Zackrisson S. Health-related lifestyle factors and mammography screening attendance in a Swedish cohort study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015 Jan;24(1):44-50. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000025.
33. Katz D, Tengekyon AJ, Kahan NR, Calderon-Margalit R. Patient and physician characteristics affect adherence to screening mammography: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 27;13(3):e0194409. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194409.
34. Chandra M, Fokom Domgue J, Yu R, Shete S. Adherence to Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Among Age-Eligible US Women: Findings From NHIS 2021. Cancer Med. 2025 Dec;14(24):e71423. doi: 10.1002/cam4.71423.
35. Al Hasan SM, Toriola AT. Prevalence and Determinants of Mammography Use among Women Aged 40 to 49 Years in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025 Oct 3;34(10):1759-1770. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0628.
36. McBride KA, Munasinghe S, Sperandei S, Page AN. Trajectories in mammographic breast screening participation in middle-age overweight and obese women: A retrospective cohort study using linked data. Cancer Epidemiol. 2024 Dec;93:102675. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102675.
37. Grimley CE, Kato PM, Grunfeld EA. Health and health belief factors associated with screening and help-seeking behaviours for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the European evidence. Br J Health Psychol. 2020 Feb;25(1):107-128. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12397.
38. Carlos RC, Fendrick AM, Patterson SK, Bernstein SJ. Associations in breast and colon cancer screening behavior in women. Acad Radiol. 2005 Apr;12(4):451-8. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.12.024.
39. Morley F, An A, Bea V, Tamimi RM, Kensler KH. Evaluating the association between upstream perceived individual and neighborhood determinants of health and intensity of breast cancer screening. Am J Epidemiol. 2025 Oct 22:kwaf234. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf234.
40. Rick Alteri, Deana Baptiste, Emily Butler Bell, et al. American Cancer Society. Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2025–2026. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2025.
41. Sedani AE, Gomez SL, Lawrence WR, Moore JX, Brandt HM, Rogers CR. Social Risks and Nonadherence to Recommended Cancer Screening Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jan 2;8(1):e2449556. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49556.
42. Ma G, Scully MG, Luo J, Feng JH, et al. Modeling the impact of social determinants on breast cancer screening: a data-driven approach. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Aug 20;12:1644287. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1644287.
43. Denny L, de Sanjose S, Mutebi M, et al. Interventions to close the divide for women with breast and cervical cancer between low-income and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Lancet. 2017 Feb 25;389(10071):861-870. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31795-0.
44. Duggan C, Trapani D, Ilbawi AM, et al. National health system characteristics, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, and breast cancer mortality: a population-based analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1632-1642. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00462-9.
45. Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T, et al. Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Nov;14(12):e497-507. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70350-4.
46. Semprini J, Saulsberry L, Olopade OI. Socioeconomic and Geographic Differences in Mammography Trends Following the 2009 USPSTF Policy Update. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Feb 3;8(2):e2458141. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.58141.
47. Nduka IJ, Ejie IL, Okafor CE, Eleje GU, Ekwunife OI. Interventions to increase mammography screening uptake among women living in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023 Feb 7;13(2):e066928. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066928.
48. Puschel K, Rioseco A, Soto G, et al. Long-term Mammography Utilization after an Initial Randomized Intervention Period by all Underserved Chilean Women in the Clinics. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 31;14(15):3734. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153734.
2. Kim J, Harper A, McCormack V, Sung H, et al. Global patterns and trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality across 185 countries. Nat Med. 2025 Apr;31(4):1154-1162. doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03502-3.
3. US Preventive Services Task Force; Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Screening for Breast Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2024 Jun 11;331(22):1918-1930. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.5534.
4. Expert Panel on Breast Imaging; Niell BL, Jochelson MS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Female Breast Cancer Screening: 2023 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2024 Jun;21(6S):S126-S143. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2024.02.019.
5. Huang S, Westvold SJ, Soulos PR, et al. Screening History, Stage at Diagnosis, and Mortality in Screen-Detected Breast Cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Apr 1;8(4):e255322. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.5322.
6. Wender RC, Brawley OW, Fedewa SA, Gansler T, Smith RA. A blueprint for cancer screening and early detection: Advancing screening's contribution to cancer control. CA Cancer J Clin. 2019 Jan;69(1):50-79. doi: 10.3322/caac.21550.
7. Seigneurin A, Exbrayat C, Molinié F, et al. Association of Mammography Screening With a Reduction in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Modeling Study Using Population-Based Data From 2 French Departments. Am J Epidemiol. 2021 May 4;190(5):827-835. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaa218.
8. Lee SC, Lucky SS, Zhu J, et al. Pragmatic Interventions to Boost Surveillance Mammogram Uptake Among an Overdue Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Nov 10:e255873. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.5873.
9. Miller JW, King JA, Trivers KF, et al. Vital Signs: Mammography Use and Association with Social Determinants of Health and Health-Related Social Needs Among Women - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2024 Apr 18;73(15):351-357. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7315e1.
10. Sarmiento DD, Tumas N, Pereyra SA, Scruzzi GF, Pou SA. Social Determinants of Breast Cancer Screening: A Multilevel Analysis of Proximal and Distal Factors Related to the Practice of Mammography. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2024 Dec 2;33(12):1651-1658. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.
11. Chan DNS, Li C, Law BMH, Xu B, Kwok C. Factors Influencing the Utilisation of Mammography Among Ethnic Minorities: A Framework-Driven Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Immigr Minor Health. 2024 Jun;26(3):569-595. doi: 10.1007/s10903-023-01564-4.
12. Kang SK, Jiang M, Duszak R Jr, Heller SL, Hughes DR, Moy L. Use of Breast Cancer Screening and Its Association with Later Use of Preventive Services among Medicare Beneficiaries. Radiology. 2018 Sep;288(3):660-668. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018172326.
13. Heinig M, Schäfer W, Langner I, Zeeb H, Haug U. German mammography screening program: adherence, characteristics of (non-)participants and utilization of non-screening mammography-a longitudinal analysis. BMC Public Health. 2023 Aug 31;23(1):1678. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16589-5.
14. Narayan AK, Flores EJ, Harvey HB, Lehman CD. Population-Based Health Engagement Opportunities Through Breast Imaging: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 Oct;15(10):1401-1407. doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.06.020.
15. Rosenberg SM, Moskowitz CS, Ford JS, et al. Health care utilization, lifestyle, and emotional factors and mammography practices in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Nov;24(11):1699-706. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-1377.
16. Volesky KD, Villeneuve PJ. Examining screening mammography participation among women aged 40 to 74. Can Fam Physician. 2017 Jun;63(6):e300-e309.
17. Fajardo LL, Saint-Germain M, Meakem TJ 3rd, Rose C, Hillman BJ. Factors influencing women to undergo screening mammography. Radiology. 1992 Jul;184(1):59-63. doi: 10.1148/radiology.184.1.1609103.
18. Pokora RM, Büttner M, Schulz A, et al. Determinants of mammography screening participation-a cross-sectional analysis of the German population-based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). PLoS One. 2022 Oct 5;17(10):e0275525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275525.
19. Kasper G, Momen M, Sorice KA, et al. Effect of neighborhood and individual-level socioeconomic factors on breast cancer screening adherence in a multi-ethnic study. BMC Public Health. 2024 Jan 2;24(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17252-9.
20. Vinegar J, Ericson M, Espinoza L, Dawkins-Moultin L, Teteh-Brooks DK. Perceived everyday discrimination, socioeconomic status, and mammography behavior. Sci Rep. 2024 Dec 28;14(1):30886. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-81638-x.
21. Jolidon V, De Prez V, Bracke P, Bell A, Burton-Jeangros C, Cullati S. Revisiting the Effects of Organized Mammography Programs on Inequalities in Breast Screening Uptake: A Multilevel Analysis of Nationwide Data From 1997 to 2017. Front Public Health. 2022 Feb 7;10:812776. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.812776.
22. Sala DCP, Tanaka OY, Luz RA, et al. Barriers and facilitators of the implementation of mammography screening in the Brazilian public health system: scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2025 May 6;25(1):1659. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22889-9.
23. Fuhrmann J, Heinävaara S, Sarkeala T, Lehtinen M, Pankakoski M. Coverage of mammography imaging in and outside an organized breast cancer screening program - variation by age and sociodemographic groups. Acta Oncol. 2024 Oct 29;63:833-840. doi: 10.2340/1651-226X.2024.40830.
24. Zeballos Torrez CR, Gasior JA, Ginzberg SP, et al. Identifying and Addressing Barriers to Screening Mammography in a Medically Underserved Community. Acad Radiol. 2024 Jul;31(7):2643-2650. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.12.013.
25. Barrios CH, Werutsky G, Mohar A, et al. Cancer control in Latin America and the Caribbean: recent advances and opportunities to move forward. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):e474-e487. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00492-7.
26. Mosquera I, Barajas CB, Zhang L, et al. Assessment of organization of cervical and breast cancer screening programmes in the Latin American and the Caribbean states: The CanScreen5 framework. Cancer Med. 2023 Oct;12(19):19935-19948. doi: 10.1002/cam4.6492.
27. Nuche-Berenguer B, Sakellariou D. Socioeconomic determinants of cancer screening utilisation in Latin America: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2019 Nov 25;14(11):e0225667. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225667.
28. Bertaut A, Coudert J, Bengrine L, Dancourt V, Binquet C, Douvier S. Does mammogram attendance influence participation in cervical and colorectal cancer screening? A prospective study among 1856 French women. PLoS One. 2018 Jun 21;13(6):e0198939. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198939.
29. Schroeder T, Ozieh MN, Thorgerson A, Williams JS, Walker RJ, Egede LE. Social Risk Factor Domains and Preventive Care Services in US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Oct 1;7(10):e2437492. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.37492.
30. Goel N, Lubarsky M, Hernandez AE, et al. Unmet Social Needs and Breast Cancer Screening Utilization and Stage at Presentation. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Feb 5;7(2):e2355301. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55301.
31. Buschmann L, Bonberg N, Baurecht H, et al. Participation in the German Mammography Screening Program: An Analysis of Data From the NAKO Health Study. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2025 Nov 28;(Forthcoming):arztebl.m2025.0156. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2025.0156.
32. Lagerlund M, Drake I, Wirfält E, Sontrop JM, Zackrisson S. Health-related lifestyle factors and mammography screening attendance in a Swedish cohort study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015 Jan;24(1):44-50. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000025.
33. Katz D, Tengekyon AJ, Kahan NR, Calderon-Margalit R. Patient and physician characteristics affect adherence to screening mammography: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2018 Mar 27;13(3):e0194409. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194409.
34. Chandra M, Fokom Domgue J, Yu R, Shete S. Adherence to Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines Among Age-Eligible US Women: Findings From NHIS 2021. Cancer Med. 2025 Dec;14(24):e71423. doi: 10.1002/cam4.71423.
35. Al Hasan SM, Toriola AT. Prevalence and Determinants of Mammography Use among Women Aged 40 to 49 Years in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2025 Oct 3;34(10):1759-1770. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-25-0628.
36. McBride KA, Munasinghe S, Sperandei S, Page AN. Trajectories in mammographic breast screening participation in middle-age overweight and obese women: A retrospective cohort study using linked data. Cancer Epidemiol. 2024 Dec;93:102675. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102675.
37. Grimley CE, Kato PM, Grunfeld EA. Health and health belief factors associated with screening and help-seeking behaviours for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the European evidence. Br J Health Psychol. 2020 Feb;25(1):107-128. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12397.
38. Carlos RC, Fendrick AM, Patterson SK, Bernstein SJ. Associations in breast and colon cancer screening behavior in women. Acad Radiol. 2005 Apr;12(4):451-8. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2004.12.024.
39. Morley F, An A, Bea V, Tamimi RM, Kensler KH. Evaluating the association between upstream perceived individual and neighborhood determinants of health and intensity of breast cancer screening. Am J Epidemiol. 2025 Oct 22:kwaf234. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf234.
40. Rick Alteri, Deana Baptiste, Emily Butler Bell, et al. American Cancer Society. Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2025–2026. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2025.
41. Sedani AE, Gomez SL, Lawrence WR, Moore JX, Brandt HM, Rogers CR. Social Risks and Nonadherence to Recommended Cancer Screening Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Jan 2;8(1):e2449556. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49556.
42. Ma G, Scully MG, Luo J, Feng JH, et al. Modeling the impact of social determinants on breast cancer screening: a data-driven approach. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Aug 20;12:1644287. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1644287.
43. Denny L, de Sanjose S, Mutebi M, et al. Interventions to close the divide for women with breast and cervical cancer between low-income and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Lancet. 2017 Feb 25;389(10071):861-870. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31795-0.
44. Duggan C, Trapani D, Ilbawi AM, et al. National health system characteristics, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, and breast cancer mortality: a population-based analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Nov;22(11):1632-1642. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00462-9.
45. Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T, et al. Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Nov;14(12):e497-507. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70350-4.
46. Semprini J, Saulsberry L, Olopade OI. Socioeconomic and Geographic Differences in Mammography Trends Following the 2009 USPSTF Policy Update. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 Feb 3;8(2):e2458141. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.58141.
47. Nduka IJ, Ejie IL, Okafor CE, Eleje GU, Ekwunife OI. Interventions to increase mammography screening uptake among women living in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023 Feb 7;13(2):e066928. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066928.
48. Puschel K, Rioseco A, Soto G, et al. Long-term Mammography Utilization after an Initial Randomized Intervention Period by all Underserved Chilean Women in the Clinics. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jul 31;14(15):3734. doi: 10.3390/cancers14153734.