Infrasonic Noise Exposure: How Outdated Noise Legislation Misinforms Medical Communities Perpetuating Grave Misconceptions About Noise Doses
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Clinical practice among noise-exposed workers is mainly focused on monitoring patients’ auditory acuity, mostly achieved through administering periodic audiograms, a practice adopted among EU-Member States. The dose-response relationship between noise levels and hearing impairment is well-established. Over the past 100 years, noise-protection has been, almost exclusively, equated with protection of the hearing function. This has diverted attention from the type of noise that does not necessarily cause hearing impairment (as measured through audiograms) but that can, nevertheless, impact workers’ health. One of the most insurmountable obstacles to scientific advancement in this field is the deceptive and crude acoustic metrics provided to the medical community, purportedly representing the noise dose to which workers are exposed. This deception is incurred through noise assessment methodologies that are imposed by the legislative bodies, and which were designed and conceived almost 100 years ago. Modern, scientific-grade characterizations of acoustic environments, however, could be providing a much deeper understanding of the signs and symptoms observed in noise-exposed workers.
Aim: To bring awareness to the medical community on how it is being greatly misled as to the real, physical dose of noise exposure of workers under their care.
Methods: Full-spectral (0.5 Hz–20 kHz) recordings were taken in several workplaces using the SAM Scribe system. Continuous recordings captured during several days were analyzed in the 0.5–1000 Hz region, using a 1/36 octave spectral resolution (instead of the imposed 1/3 octave), a temporal resolution of 1-second (instead of the imposed 10-minutes), and no frequency-weighting, i.e., sound pressure levels (SPLs) expressed in dBZ.
Results: One industry (8 workstations) was selected as an example to compare data obtained with imposed methodologies, with that obtained with more modern technologies. A- and G-weighted SPLs prove to be insufficient to characterize the dose of noise to which workers are exposed. New visual formats for evaluating noise exposures have been developed to better aid the clinician.
Conclusion: The outdated, but legally binding, methodologies used to measure noise deceive the medical community as to the dose of noise to which workers under their care are physically exposed. A serious adjustment is urgently required.
Keywords:
Infrasound, low frequency noise, A-weighting, Z-weighting, G-weighting, SAM Scribe
Article Details
How to Cite
PEREIRA-SOUSA, Paulo; BAKKER, Huub HC; ALVES-PEREIRA, Mariana.
Infrasonic Noise Exposure: How Outdated Noise Legislation Misinforms Medical Communities Perpetuating Grave Misconceptions About Noise Doses.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 14, n. 5, may 2026.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7406>. Date accessed: 02 june 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v14i5.7406.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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21. Bakker HCC, Rapley BI, Summers SR, Alves-Pereira M, Dickinson PJ. An affordable recording instrument for the Acoustical Characterisation of Human Environments. Paper presented at: International Conference on the Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN 2017). 18-22 June 2017; Zurich, Switzerland. No. 3654, 12 pages. https://www.icben.org/2017/ICBEN%202017%20Papers/SubjectArea05_Bakker_P40_3654.pdf
22. Primomic. Electeret condenser microfone EM246ASS’Y—Technical Data. Primo Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, 2016.
https://primomic.com/pdf/EM246.pdf
23. Norwegian Center for Maritime and Diving Medicine. E7. Vibration. Textbook on Maritime Health; 2021. https://textbook.maritimemedicine.com/
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25. Ashe WF. Physiological and pathological effects of mechanical vibration on animals and man. Defense Technical Information Center. Ohio State University, Report No. 862-4; 1961. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0265931/page/n1/mode/2up
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28. Weichenberger M, Bauer M, Kuhler R, Hensel J, Forlim CG, Ihlenfeld A, et al. Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound administered near the hearing threshold: Evidence from fMRI. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0174420. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28403175/
29. Chaban R, Ghazy A, Georgiade E, Stumpt N, Vahl CF. Negative effect of high-level infrasound on human myocardial contractility: In-vitro controlled experiment. Noise & Health. 2021;23:57-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34213448/
30. Liu ZH, Chen JZ, Ye L, Liu J, Qiu JY, Xu J. et al. Effects of infrasound at 8 Hz 90 dB and 130 dB on NMDAR1 expression and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration in the hippocampus of rats. Mol Med Rep. 2010;3:917-921. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21472333/
31. Shi M, Du F, Liu Y, Li L, Cai J, Zhang GF, et al. Glial cell‐expressed mechanosensitive channel TRPV4 mediates infrasound‐induced neuronal impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126:725-39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24002225/
32. Zhang W, Yin J, Gao BY, Lu X, Duan YJ, et al. Inhibition of astroglial hemichannels ameliorates infrasonic noise induced short-term learning and memory impairment. Behav Brain Funct. 2023;19:23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38110991/
33. Cohen A. The influence of a company hearing conservation program on extra-auditory problems in workers. J Saf Res. 1976;8:146-62. https://scispace.com/papers/the-influence-of-a-company-hearing-conservation-program-on-4x44gaqygr
34. Castelo Branco NAA. The clinical stages of vibroacoustic disease. Aviat Sp Environ Med. 1999;70 (3, Pt 2): A32-39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10189154/
35. Kosacheva TI, Svidovyi VI, Alekseev VN, Kovalenko VI. Influence of noise and infrasound on the vision organs. Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2001;(6):34-38. [Article in Russian] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11521298/
36. ISO—International Standards Organization. ISO 7196:1995(E). Acoustics. Frequency-weighting characteristic for infrasound measurements. https://www.iso.org/standard/13813.html
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43. Russian Federation Order No. 29n. On the approval of the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations of employees, provided for in part four of Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, a list of medical contraindications to work with harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, as well as work in which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations. 2021. https://www.russiangost.com/p-382607-order-29n.aspx
44. Russian Federation Order No. 75n. On approval of the procedure for mandatory medical examinations before the work shift, medical examinations during the work shift (if necessary) and medical examinations after the work shift (if necessary) of workers engaged in underground work with hazardous and (or) harmful working conditions in coal (oil shale) mining (processing), including the use of technical means and medical devices that provide automated remote transmission of information about the health of workers and remote monitoring of the state of health. 2022. https://www.russiangost.com/p-430834-order-75n.aspx
45. Stepanov V. Biological effects of low frequency acoustic oscillations and their hygienic regulation. State Research Center of Russia, Moscow, 2001. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA423963
46. Aletta F. Noise pollution and public health curricula: a missing link in environmental health preparedness. Academia Global & Public Health. 2025;1(1). https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadPHealth8070
47. Alimohammadi I, Rafieepour A, Ashtarinezhas A, Hosseni AF, Tabatabaei SH, Jafari H, et al. Occupational noise annoyance and sensitivity as potential contributors to oxidative stress in metal industry workers. Sci Rep. 2025;15:30280. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825830/
48. Dastan M, Parente-Ribeiro ED, Bellut-Staeck U, Zhou J, Lehmann C. Infrasound and human health: mechanisms, effects and applications. Applied Sciences. 2026;15:1553. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/3/1553
49. Mutschlecner JP, Whitaker RW. Infrasound from earthquakes. J Geophys Res. 2005;110(D1): D01108. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004JD005067
50. Waxler R, Frazier WG, Talmadge CL, Liang B, Hetzer C, Buchanan H, et al. Analysis of infrasound array data from tornadic storms in southeastern United States. JASA. 2024;156:1903-19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39302133/
51. Marchetti E, Ripepe M, Ulivieri G, Kogelnig A. Infrasound array criteria for automatic detection and front velocity estimation of snow avalanches: towards a real-time early-warning system. NHESS. 2015;15 (11):2545-55. https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/15/2545/2015/
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2. Portuguese Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity. Decree-Law No. 182/2006, 6 September. Diário da República n.º 172/2006, Série I 2006-09-06, pp. 6584 – 6593. https://dre.pt/dre/detalhe/decreto-lei/182-2006-539986.
3. Fletcher H, Munson WA. Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. JASA. 1933;5: 82-108. https://www.sfu.ca/sonic-studio-webdav/AudioMedia/Readings/Misc.%20Readings/Loudness%2C%20Its%20Definition%2C%20Measurement%20and%20Calculation%20.pdf
4. ISO-International Standards Organization. ISO 226:2023-3–Acoustics: Normal equal-loudness-level contours. https://www.iso.org/standard/83117.html
5. Pereira-Sousa P, Bakker HCB, Alves-Pereira M. Dose-Response relationship in occupational noise exposures: The distorted quantification of dose that misinforms the medical community. Proc SHO2025 (International Symposium on Occupational Safety and Hygiene). Porto, Portugal 14 April 2025: 025-32. https://books.fe.up.pt/index.php/feup/catalog/book/978-989-54863-7-3/chapter/347
6. Hirsch J, Nicola G, McGinty G, Liu RW, Barr RM et al. ICD-10: History and Context. AJNR. 2016;37:596-599. https://www.ajnr.org/content/37/4/596x
7. WHO—World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/W20-W49
8. WHO—World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). https://icd.who.int/browse/2026-01/mms/en#850137482
9. WHO—World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Keyword “vertigo.” https://icd.who.int/ct/icd11_mms/en/2026-01
10. Project Poorboy. Annual Progress Report. Defense Technical Information Center. Report No. 4139.11-R-1; 1968. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0830775/page/n3/mode/2up
11. Shoenberger RW. Human response to whole body vibration. Percep Mot Skill. 1972;34:127-60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4551872/
12. Dieckmann D. A study of the influence of vibration on man. Ergonomics. 1958;1(4):347-355. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-STUDY-OF-THE-INFLUENCE-OF-VIBRATION-ON-MAN-Dieckmann/82fb84a29b20126049eee426481cdfcb3fed9c17
13. Coermann RR. The mechanical impedance of the human body in sitting and standing position at low frequencies. Human Factors. 1962;Oct:227- 253. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14021944/
14. Edwards RG, Lange KO. A mechanical impedance investigation of human response to vibration. Defense Technical Information Center. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories Technical Report No. 64-91; 1964. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0609006/page/11/mode/2up
15. Guignard JC. The physical response of seated men to low-frequency vertical vibration. Air Ministry Flying Personnel Research Committee. FPRC Report No. 1062; 1959. Cited in: Kinney JAS, Luria SM, Markowitz H. The effect of vibration on visual acuity with electro-optical aids to night vision. Human Factors. 1971;13(4):369-78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5118775/
16. Pei Z, Sang H, Li R, Xiao P, He J, Zhuang Z, et al. Infrasound-induced hemodynamics, ultrastructure, and molecular changes in the rat myocardium. Environ Toxicol. 2007;22:169-175. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17366570/
17. Antunes E, Oliveira P, Borrecho G, Oliveira MJR, Brito J, Águas A, et al. Myocardial fibrosis in rats exposed to low frequency noise. Acta Cardiol. 2013;68:241-245. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23882868/
18. Zhang MY, Chen C, Xie XJ, Xu SL, Guo GZ, Wang J. Damage to hippocampus of rats after being exposed to infrasound. Biomed Environ Sci. 2016;29(6):435-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27470104/
19. Alexeev SV, Glinchikov VV, Usenko VR. Infrasound induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Gig Truda Prof Zabol. 1983;8:34-38. [Article in Russian] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6629078/
20. Bakker HCC, Alves-Pereira M, Summers R. A citizen science initiative: Acoustic Characterization of Human Environments. Paper presented at: International Conference on the Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN 2017). 18-22 June 2017; Zurich, Switzerland. No. 3653, 12 pages. https://www.icben.org/2017/ICBEN%202017%20Papers/SubjectArea10_Bakker_1015_3653.pdf.
21. Bakker HCC, Rapley BI, Summers SR, Alves-Pereira M, Dickinson PJ. An affordable recording instrument for the Acoustical Characterisation of Human Environments. Paper presented at: International Conference on the Biological Effects of Noise (ICBEN 2017). 18-22 June 2017; Zurich, Switzerland. No. 3654, 12 pages. https://www.icben.org/2017/ICBEN%202017%20Papers/SubjectArea05_Bakker_P40_3654.pdf
22. Primomic. Electeret condenser microfone EM246ASS’Y—Technical Data. Primo Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan, 2016.
https://primomic.com/pdf/EM246.pdf
23. Norwegian Center for Maritime and Diving Medicine. E7. Vibration. Textbook on Maritime Health; 2021. https://textbook.maritimemedicine.com/
24. Gora G, Iwaniec M, Kulinowski P, Gac K. Vibration impact on people transported by mining belt conveyors. Vibrations in Physical Systems. 2020;31:2020109. https://vibsys.put.poznan.pl/_journal/2020-31-1/articles/vibsys_2020109.pdf
25. Ashe WF. Physiological and pathological effects of mechanical vibration on animals and man. Defense Technical Information Center. Ohio State University, Report No. 862-4; 1961. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD0265931/page/n1/mode/2up
26. FAO—Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Introduction to ergonomics in forestry in developing countries. FAO Forestry Paper No. 100. 1992. https://www.fao.org/4/ap419e/ap419e00.pdf
27. Busnel RG, Lehmann AG. Infrasound and sound: Differentiation of their psychophysiological effects through use of genetically deaf animals. JASA. 1978;63:974-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/670562/
28. Weichenberger M, Bauer M, Kuhler R, Hensel J, Forlim CG, Ihlenfeld A, et al. Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound administered near the hearing threshold: Evidence from fMRI. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0174420. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28403175/
29. Chaban R, Ghazy A, Georgiade E, Stumpt N, Vahl CF. Negative effect of high-level infrasound on human myocardial contractility: In-vitro controlled experiment. Noise & Health. 2021;23:57-66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34213448/
30. Liu ZH, Chen JZ, Ye L, Liu J, Qiu JY, Xu J. et al. Effects of infrasound at 8 Hz 90 dB and 130 dB on NMDAR1 expression and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration in the hippocampus of rats. Mol Med Rep. 2010;3:917-921. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21472333/
31. Shi M, Du F, Liu Y, Li L, Cai J, Zhang GF, et al. Glial cell‐expressed mechanosensitive channel TRPV4 mediates infrasound‐induced neuronal impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126:725-39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24002225/
32. Zhang W, Yin J, Gao BY, Lu X, Duan YJ, et al. Inhibition of astroglial hemichannels ameliorates infrasonic noise induced short-term learning and memory impairment. Behav Brain Funct. 2023;19:23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38110991/
33. Cohen A. The influence of a company hearing conservation program on extra-auditory problems in workers. J Saf Res. 1976;8:146-62. https://scispace.com/papers/the-influence-of-a-company-hearing-conservation-program-on-4x44gaqygr
34. Castelo Branco NAA. The clinical stages of vibroacoustic disease. Aviat Sp Environ Med. 1999;70 (3, Pt 2): A32-39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10189154/
35. Kosacheva TI, Svidovyi VI, Alekseev VN, Kovalenko VI. Influence of noise and infrasound on the vision organs. Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2001;(6):34-38. [Article in Russian] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11521298/
36. ISO—International Standards Organization. ISO 7196:1995(E). Acoustics. Frequency-weighting characteristic for infrasound measurements. https://www.iso.org/standard/13813.html
37. WHO—World Health Organization. Guidelines for community noise. Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm University & Karolinska Institute; 1999. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/a68672
38. Martin EA, Law J. (Eds). Concise Colour Medical Dictionary. 7th Ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2020.
39. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 33rd Ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2020
40. European Commission. (2000) The Noise Policy of the European Union—Year 2. Towards improving the urban environment and contributing to global sustainability. European Commission Noise Team: Luxembourg. https://www.europeansources.info/record/the-noise-policy-of-the-european-union-year-2-1999-2000-towards-improving-the-urban-environment-and-contributing-to-global-sustainability/
41. Russian Federation Federal Law. No. 426-FZ. On a special assessment of working conditions. 2013. https://www.russiangost.com/p-370713-federal-law-426-fz.aspx
42. Russian Federation Norm No. GN 2274-80. Hygienic norms of infrasound in the workplace. 2013. https://www.russiangost.com/p-286222-gn-2274-80.aspx
43. Russian Federation Order No. 29n. On the approval of the Procedure for conducting mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations of employees, provided for in part four of Article 213 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, a list of medical contraindications to work with harmful and (or) hazardous production factors, as well as work in which mandatory preliminary and periodic medical examinations. 2021. https://www.russiangost.com/p-382607-order-29n.aspx
44. Russian Federation Order No. 75n. On approval of the procedure for mandatory medical examinations before the work shift, medical examinations during the work shift (if necessary) and medical examinations after the work shift (if necessary) of workers engaged in underground work with hazardous and (or) harmful working conditions in coal (oil shale) mining (processing), including the use of technical means and medical devices that provide automated remote transmission of information about the health of workers and remote monitoring of the state of health. 2022. https://www.russiangost.com/p-430834-order-75n.aspx
45. Stepanov V. Biological effects of low frequency acoustic oscillations and their hygienic regulation. State Research Center of Russia, Moscow, 2001. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA423963
46. Aletta F. Noise pollution and public health curricula: a missing link in environmental health preparedness. Academia Global & Public Health. 2025;1(1). https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadPHealth8070
47. Alimohammadi I, Rafieepour A, Ashtarinezhas A, Hosseni AF, Tabatabaei SH, Jafari H, et al. Occupational noise annoyance and sensitivity as potential contributors to oxidative stress in metal industry workers. Sci Rep. 2025;15:30280. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40825830/
48. Dastan M, Parente-Ribeiro ED, Bellut-Staeck U, Zhou J, Lehmann C. Infrasound and human health: mechanisms, effects and applications. Applied Sciences. 2026;15:1553. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/3/1553
49. Mutschlecner JP, Whitaker RW. Infrasound from earthquakes. J Geophys Res. 2005;110(D1): D01108. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2004JD005067
50. Waxler R, Frazier WG, Talmadge CL, Liang B, Hetzer C, Buchanan H, et al. Analysis of infrasound array data from tornadic storms in southeastern United States. JASA. 2024;156:1903-19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39302133/
51. Marchetti E, Ripepe M, Ulivieri G, Kogelnig A. Infrasound array criteria for automatic detection and front velocity estimation of snow avalanches: towards a real-time early-warning system. NHESS. 2015;15 (11):2545-55. https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/15/2545/2015/
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