Central giant cell reparative granuloma of the Jaws
Main Article Content
Abstract
Central giant cell reparative granuloma (CGCRG) has been defined by The World Health Organization as a localized benign however sometimes aggressive osteolytic proliferation, consisting of fibrous tissue along with hemorrhage and hemosiderin deposits, with the presence of osteoclast-like giant cells and reactive bone formation.They are mostly localized in the maxilla and mandible , however lesions sourced from the orbit, paranasal sinuses, skull base, skull bones such as the temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid bones, and the small bones of the hands and feet have also been published.CGCRG often presents itself as a painless swelling of the face or mouth and it is divided into 2 groups according to its clinical findings, as aggressive and nonaggressive type.Nonaggressive lesions are slow-growing, mostly asymptomatic lesions which don't cause perforation of the cortical bone and root resorption. Aggressive lesions however are fast-growing; larger than 5 cm in size; cause pain and paraesthesia, root resorption and cortical perforation; and commonly show recurrence after surgery.The differential diagnosis for CGCRG includes other giant cell lesions such as the true giant cell tumor of the bone, aneurysmal bone cysts, and chondroblastoma.The traditional treatment for CGCRG is surgical abortion and this treatment is sufficient in 80% of the cases. Alternative methods to surgery are; intralesional corticosteroid therapy, calcitonin treatment, interferon alpha-2a, and imatinib treatment.
Article Details
How to Cite
ORHAN, Erkan.
Central giant cell reparative granuloma of the Jaws.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 8, dec. 2016.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/871>. Date accessed: 20 apr. 2024.
Keywords
Central giant cell reparative granuloma; nonsurgical treatments; jaws
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
• Alton DM, Anavi Y, Calderón S. Central giant cell lesion of the jaw: nonsurgical treatment with calcitonin nasal spray. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009 Jun;107(6):811-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.02.013.
• Ardekian L, Manor R, Peled M, Laufer D. Bilateral central giant cell granulomas in a patient with neurofibromatosis: report of a case and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Jul;57(7):869-72. PMID: 10416639
• Auclair PL, Cuenin P, Kratochvil FJ, Slater LJ, Ellis GL A clinical and histomorphologic comparison of the central giant cell granuloma and the giant cell tumor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Aug;66(2):197-208. PMID: 3174054
• Bataineh A, Al-Khateeb T, Rawashdeh M . The surgical treatment of central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jul;60(7):756-61. PMID: 12089688
• Borges HO. Machado RA, Vidor MM. Beltrao RG, Heitz C, Filho MS. Calcitonin: a non-invasive giant cells therapy, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jul;72(7):959-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.03.016.
• Cassatly MG, Greenberg AM, Kopp WK. Bilateral giant cell granulomata of the mandible: report of case. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988 Nov;117(6):731-3. PMID: 3198881
• Chuong R, Kaban LB, Kozakewich H, Perez-Atayde A. Central giant cell lesions of the jaw: a clinicopathologic study J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986 Sep;44(9):708-13. PMID: 3462363.
• Cohen MA, Hertzanu Y. Radiologic features, including those seen with computed tomography, of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Feb;65(2):255-61. PMID: 3422730.
• Comert E, Turanli M, Ulu S. Oral and intralesional steroid therapy in giant cell granuloma. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006 Jun;126(6):664-6. DOI: 10.1080/00016480500468976.
• Davis GB, Tideman H. Multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Case report. J Maxillofac Surg. 1977 Jun;5(2):127-9. PMID: 267702.
• de Lange J, van den Akker HP, Klip H. Incidence and disease free survival after surgical therapy of central giant cell granulomas of the jaws in The Netherlands; 1990–1995. Head Neck. 2004 Sep;26(9):792-5. DOI: 10.1002/hed.20069.
• de Lange J, Van den Akker HP. Clinical and radiological features of central giant-cell lesions of the jaw. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Apr;99(4):464-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.11.015.
• de Lange J, van der Akker HP, van der Berg H. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaw: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy options. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Nov;104(5):603-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.04.003.
• de Lange J, van Rijn RR, van den Berg H, van den Akker HP. Regression of central giant cell granuloma by a combination of imatinib and interferon: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Jan;47(1):59-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.05.013.
• Dempster OW, Moonga BS, Stein LS, Horbert WR, Antakly T. Glucocorticoids inhibit bone resorption in isolated rat osteoclasts by inducing apoptosis. J Endocrinol. 1997 Sep;154(3):397-406. PMID: 9379116.
• Dewsnup NC, Susarla SM, Abulikemu M, Faquin WC, Kaban LB, August M. Immunohistochemical evaluation of giant cell tumors of the jaws using CD34 density analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 May;66(5):928-33. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.033.
• Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, Ohno S, Segal GM, Fanning S, Zimmermann J, Lydon NB. Effects of a selective inhibitör of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med. 1996 May;2(5):561-6. PMID: 8616716.
• Edwards PC, Fox J, Fantasia JE, Goldberg J, Kelsch RD.Bilateral central giant cell granulomas of the mandible in an 8-year-old girl with Noonan syndrome (Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion syndrome). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Mar;99(3):334-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.08.021.
• Eisenbud L, Stern M, Rothberg M, Sachs SA.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: experiences in the management of thirty-seven cases, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988 May;46(5):376-84. PMID: 3163371.
• Ficarra G, Sapp P, Eversole LR. Multiple peripheral odontogenic fibroma, World Health Organization type, and giant cell granuloma: a report of an unusual association. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Mar;51(3):325-8. PMID: 8445478.
• Flanagan AM, Nui B, Tinkler SM, Horton MA, Williams DM, Chambers TJ. The multinucleate cells in the giant cell granulomas of the jaw are osteoclasts. Cancer. 1988 Sep 15;62(6):1139-45. PMID: 2457425.
• Gomes CC, Diniz MG, Amaral FR, Antonini Guimarães BV, Gomez RS. The highly prevalent H3F3A mutation in giant cell tumours of bone is not shared by sporadic central giant cell lesion of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014 Nov;118(5):583-5. doi: 10.1016/j.
• Güngörmüs M, Akgül HM. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical and radiologie study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003 Aug 15;4(3):87-97. PMID: 12937599.
• Harris M. Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws regress with calcitonin therapy Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Apr;31(2):89-94. PMID: 8471587.
• Hjorting-Hansen E, Worsoe-Petersen J.Recurrent benign giant cell lesions of the jaws with metastasis?. J Laryngol Otol. 1967 Sep;81(9):1033-44. PMID: 6050979.
• Horner K. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinico-radiological study, Clin Radiol. 1989 Nov;40(6):622-6. PMID: 2598590.
• Hyckel P, Berndt A, Schleier P, Clement JH, Beensen V, Peters H, Kosmehl H. Cherubism - new hypotheses on pathogenesis and therapeutic consequences. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005 Feb;33(1):61-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2004.07.006.
• Idowu BD, Thomas G, Frow R, Diss TC, Flanagan AM. Mutations in SH3BP2, the cherubism gene, were not detected in central or peripheral giant cell tumors of the jaw. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Apr;46(3):229-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.014.
• Jacoway JR. Howell FV, Terry BC. Central giant cell granuloma: an alternative to surgical therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988:66:572.
• Jaffe HL. Giant-cell reparative granuloma, traumatic bone cyst, and fibrous (fibroosseous) dysplasia of the jawbones, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 1953; 6 (1): 159–175. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(53)90151-0.
• Kaban KB, Mulliken JB, Ezekowitz RA, Ebb D, Smith PS, Folkman J. Antiangiogenic therapy of a recurrent giant cell tumour of the mandible with interferon alpha-2a. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun;103(6 Pt 1):1145-9. PMID: 10353921.
• Kaban LB, Troulis MJ, Ebb D, August M, Hornicek FJ, Dodson TB. Antiangiogenic therapy with interferon alpha for giant cell lesions of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Oct;60(10):1103-11. PMID: 12378481.
• Kaffe I, Ardekian L, Taicher S, Littner MM, Buchner A. Radiologic features of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996 Jun;81(6):720-6. PMID: 8784905.
• Kauzman A, Li SQ, Bradley G, Bell RS, Wunder JS, Kandel R.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: assessment of cell cycle proteins, J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Mar;33(3):170-6. PMID: 15128059.
• Kermer C, Millesi W, Watzke IM. Local injection of corticosteroids for central giant cell granuloma. A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Dec;23(6 Pt 1):366-8. PMID: 7699277.
• Kruse-Lösler B, Diallo R, Gaertner C, Mischke KL, Joos U, Kleinheinz J.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic study of 26 cases, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Mar;101(3):346-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.02.060.
• Minic A, Stajcic Z. Prognostic significance of cortical perforation in the recurrence of central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996 Apr;24(2):104-8. PMID: 8773892.
• O'Connell JE, Kearns GJ. Aggressive giant cell granuloma of the jaws treated with interferon alpha: a report of two cases. Ir J Med Sci. 2013 Jun;182(2):163-70. doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0858-x.
• Orhan E, Erol S, Deren O, Sevin A, Ekici O, Erdoğan B.I diopathic bilateral central giant cell reparative granuloma of jaws: a case report and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 May;74(5):547-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.02.006.
• Penfold CN, McCullagh P,Eveson JW, Ramsay A. Giant cell lesions complicating fibro-osseous conditions of the jaws, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Jun;22(3):158-62. PMID: 8340626.
• Pharoah MJ, Heersche JN. Dexamethasone inhibits formation of osteoclast-like cells in bone-marrow cultures. J Dent Res. 1986 Jul;65(7):1006-9. PMID: 3458750.
• Pogrel MA. Calcitonin therapy for central giant cell granuloma, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jun;61(6):649-53. DOI: 10.1053/joms.2003.50129.
• Rawashdeh M, Bataineh A, Al-Khateeb T. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of surgical management of central giant cell granuloma of the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Jan;35(1):60-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2005.03.005.
• Ruggieri M, Pavone V, Polizzi A, Albanese S, Magro G, Merino M, Duray PH.Unusual form of recurrent giant cell granuloma of the mandible and lower extremities in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999 Jan;87(1):67-72. PMID: 9927083.
• Saw S, Thomas N, Gleeson MJ, Bódi I, Connor S, Hortobágyi T. Giant cell tumour and central giant cell reparative granuloma of the skull: do these represent ends of a spectrum? A case report and literature review. Pathol Oncol Res. 2009 Jun;15(2):291-5. doi: 10.1007/s12253-008-9124-y.
• Schütz P, El-Bassuoni KH, Munish J, Hamed HH, Padwa BL. Aggressive central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Oct;68(10):2537-44. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.06.042.
• Sidky YA, Borden EC. Inhibition of angiogenesis by interferons: effects on tumour- and lymphocyte-induced vascular responses. Cancer Res. 1987 Oct 1;47(19):5155-61. PMID: 2441862.
• Smith PG, Marrogi AJ, Delfino JJ. Multifocal giant cell lesions of the maxillofacial skeleton: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Mar;48(3):300-5. PMID: 2303939.
• Tabrizi R. Re: Can calcitonin nasal spray reduce the risk of recurrence of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws?-a response. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Aug 20. pii: S0901-5027(16)30152-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.07.008.
• Terry BC, Jacoway JR. Management of central giant cell lesions: an alternative to surgical therapy. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1994:6:579-601.
• Triantafillidou K, Venetis G, Karakinaris G, Iordanidis F. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical study of 17 cases and a review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2011 Mar;120(3):167-74. PMID: 21510142.
• Ustündağ E, Iseri M, Keskin G, Müezzinoğlu B. Central giant cell granuloma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 Sep 2;65(2):143-6. PMID: 12176185.
• Vered M, Buchner A, Dayan D. Immunohistochemical expression of glucocorticoid and calcitonin receptors as a tool for selecting therapeutic approach in central giant cell granuloma of the jaw bones. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Aug;35(8):756-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.02.014.
• Whitaker SB. Waldron CA. Central giant cell lesions of the jaws. A clinical, radiologie, and histopathologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 Feb;75(2):199-208. PMID: 8426719.
• Ardekian L, Manor R, Peled M, Laufer D. Bilateral central giant cell granulomas in a patient with neurofibromatosis: report of a case and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999 Jul;57(7):869-72. PMID: 10416639
• Auclair PL, Cuenin P, Kratochvil FJ, Slater LJ, Ellis GL A clinical and histomorphologic comparison of the central giant cell granuloma and the giant cell tumor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Aug;66(2):197-208. PMID: 3174054
• Bataineh A, Al-Khateeb T, Rawashdeh M . The surgical treatment of central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Jul;60(7):756-61. PMID: 12089688
• Borges HO. Machado RA, Vidor MM. Beltrao RG, Heitz C, Filho MS. Calcitonin: a non-invasive giant cells therapy, Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jul;72(7):959-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.03.016.
• Cassatly MG, Greenberg AM, Kopp WK. Bilateral giant cell granulomata of the mandible: report of case. J Am Dent Assoc. 1988 Nov;117(6):731-3. PMID: 3198881
• Chuong R, Kaban LB, Kozakewich H, Perez-Atayde A. Central giant cell lesions of the jaw: a clinicopathologic study J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986 Sep;44(9):708-13. PMID: 3462363.
• Cohen MA, Hertzanu Y. Radiologic features, including those seen with computed tomography, of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988 Feb;65(2):255-61. PMID: 3422730.
• Comert E, Turanli M, Ulu S. Oral and intralesional steroid therapy in giant cell granuloma. Acta Otolaryngol. 2006 Jun;126(6):664-6. DOI: 10.1080/00016480500468976.
• Davis GB, Tideman H. Multiple recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. Case report. J Maxillofac Surg. 1977 Jun;5(2):127-9. PMID: 267702.
• de Lange J, van den Akker HP, Klip H. Incidence and disease free survival after surgical therapy of central giant cell granulomas of the jaws in The Netherlands; 1990–1995. Head Neck. 2004 Sep;26(9):792-5. DOI: 10.1002/hed.20069.
• de Lange J, Van den Akker HP. Clinical and radiological features of central giant-cell lesions of the jaw. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Apr;99(4):464-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.11.015.
• de Lange J, van der Akker HP, van der Berg H. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaw: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy options. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007 Nov;104(5):603-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.04.003.
• de Lange J, van Rijn RR, van den Berg H, van den Akker HP. Regression of central giant cell granuloma by a combination of imatinib and interferon: a case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Jan;47(1):59-61. doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.05.013.
• Dempster OW, Moonga BS, Stein LS, Horbert WR, Antakly T. Glucocorticoids inhibit bone resorption in isolated rat osteoclasts by inducing apoptosis. J Endocrinol. 1997 Sep;154(3):397-406. PMID: 9379116.
• Dewsnup NC, Susarla SM, Abulikemu M, Faquin WC, Kaban LB, August M. Immunohistochemical evaluation of giant cell tumors of the jaws using CD34 density analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 May;66(5):928-33. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.01.033.
• Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, Ohno S, Segal GM, Fanning S, Zimmermann J, Lydon NB. Effects of a selective inhibitör of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med. 1996 May;2(5):561-6. PMID: 8616716.
• Edwards PC, Fox J, Fantasia JE, Goldberg J, Kelsch RD.Bilateral central giant cell granulomas of the mandible in an 8-year-old girl with Noonan syndrome (Noonan-like/multiple giant cell lesion syndrome). Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005 Mar;99(3):334-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.08.021.
• Eisenbud L, Stern M, Rothberg M, Sachs SA.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: experiences in the management of thirty-seven cases, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988 May;46(5):376-84. PMID: 3163371.
• Ficarra G, Sapp P, Eversole LR. Multiple peripheral odontogenic fibroma, World Health Organization type, and giant cell granuloma: a report of an unusual association. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Mar;51(3):325-8. PMID: 8445478.
• Flanagan AM, Nui B, Tinkler SM, Horton MA, Williams DM, Chambers TJ. The multinucleate cells in the giant cell granulomas of the jaw are osteoclasts. Cancer. 1988 Sep 15;62(6):1139-45. PMID: 2457425.
• Gomes CC, Diniz MG, Amaral FR, Antonini Guimarães BV, Gomez RS. The highly prevalent H3F3A mutation in giant cell tumours of bone is not shared by sporadic central giant cell lesion of the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014 Nov;118(5):583-5. doi: 10.1016/j.
• Güngörmüs M, Akgül HM. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical and radiologie study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2003 Aug 15;4(3):87-97. PMID: 12937599.
• Harris M. Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws regress with calcitonin therapy Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Apr;31(2):89-94. PMID: 8471587.
• Hjorting-Hansen E, Worsoe-Petersen J.Recurrent benign giant cell lesions of the jaws with metastasis?. J Laryngol Otol. 1967 Sep;81(9):1033-44. PMID: 6050979.
• Horner K. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinico-radiological study, Clin Radiol. 1989 Nov;40(6):622-6. PMID: 2598590.
• Hyckel P, Berndt A, Schleier P, Clement JH, Beensen V, Peters H, Kosmehl H. Cherubism - new hypotheses on pathogenesis and therapeutic consequences. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005 Feb;33(1):61-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2004.07.006.
• Idowu BD, Thomas G, Frow R, Diss TC, Flanagan AM. Mutations in SH3BP2, the cherubism gene, were not detected in central or peripheral giant cell tumors of the jaw. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Apr;46(3):229-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.014.
• Jacoway JR. Howell FV, Terry BC. Central giant cell granuloma: an alternative to surgical therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988:66:572.
• Jaffe HL. Giant-cell reparative granuloma, traumatic bone cyst, and fibrous (fibroosseous) dysplasia of the jawbones, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 1953; 6 (1): 159–175. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(53)90151-0.
• Kaban KB, Mulliken JB, Ezekowitz RA, Ebb D, Smith PS, Folkman J. Antiangiogenic therapy of a recurrent giant cell tumour of the mandible with interferon alpha-2a. Pediatrics. 1999 Jun;103(6 Pt 1):1145-9. PMID: 10353921.
• Kaban LB, Troulis MJ, Ebb D, August M, Hornicek FJ, Dodson TB. Antiangiogenic therapy with interferon alpha for giant cell lesions of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002 Oct;60(10):1103-11. PMID: 12378481.
• Kaffe I, Ardekian L, Taicher S, Littner MM, Buchner A. Radiologic features of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws, Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996 Jun;81(6):720-6. PMID: 8784905.
• Kauzman A, Li SQ, Bradley G, Bell RS, Wunder JS, Kandel R.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: assessment of cell cycle proteins, J Oral Pathol Med. 2004 Mar;33(3):170-6. PMID: 15128059.
• Kermer C, Millesi W, Watzke IM. Local injection of corticosteroids for central giant cell granuloma. A case report. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Dec;23(6 Pt 1):366-8. PMID: 7699277.
• Kruse-Lösler B, Diallo R, Gaertner C, Mischke KL, Joos U, Kleinheinz J.Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic study of 26 cases, Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006 Mar;101(3):346-54. DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.02.060.
• Minic A, Stajcic Z. Prognostic significance of cortical perforation in the recurrence of central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996 Apr;24(2):104-8. PMID: 8773892.
• O'Connell JE, Kearns GJ. Aggressive giant cell granuloma of the jaws treated with interferon alpha: a report of two cases. Ir J Med Sci. 2013 Jun;182(2):163-70. doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0858-x.
• Orhan E, Erol S, Deren O, Sevin A, Ekici O, Erdoğan B.I diopathic bilateral central giant cell reparative granuloma of jaws: a case report and literature review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010 May;74(5):547-52. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.02.006.
• Penfold CN, McCullagh P,Eveson JW, Ramsay A. Giant cell lesions complicating fibro-osseous conditions of the jaws, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1993 Jun;22(3):158-62. PMID: 8340626.
• Pharoah MJ, Heersche JN. Dexamethasone inhibits formation of osteoclast-like cells in bone-marrow cultures. J Dent Res. 1986 Jul;65(7):1006-9. PMID: 3458750.
• Pogrel MA. Calcitonin therapy for central giant cell granuloma, J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Jun;61(6):649-53. DOI: 10.1053/joms.2003.50129.
• Rawashdeh M, Bataineh A, Al-Khateeb T. Long-term clinical and radiological outcomes of surgical management of central giant cell granuloma of the maxilla. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Jan;35(1):60-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2005.03.005.
• Ruggieri M, Pavone V, Polizzi A, Albanese S, Magro G, Merino M, Duray PH.Unusual form of recurrent giant cell granuloma of the mandible and lower extremities in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999 Jan;87(1):67-72. PMID: 9927083.
• Saw S, Thomas N, Gleeson MJ, Bódi I, Connor S, Hortobágyi T. Giant cell tumour and central giant cell reparative granuloma of the skull: do these represent ends of a spectrum? A case report and literature review. Pathol Oncol Res. 2009 Jun;15(2):291-5. doi: 10.1007/s12253-008-9124-y.
• Schütz P, El-Bassuoni KH, Munish J, Hamed HH, Padwa BL. Aggressive central giant cell granuloma of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Oct;68(10):2537-44. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2009.06.042.
• Sidky YA, Borden EC. Inhibition of angiogenesis by interferons: effects on tumour- and lymphocyte-induced vascular responses. Cancer Res. 1987 Oct 1;47(19):5155-61. PMID: 2441862.
• Smith PG, Marrogi AJ, Delfino JJ. Multifocal giant cell lesions of the maxillofacial skeleton: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990 Mar;48(3):300-5. PMID: 2303939.
• Tabrizi R. Re: Can calcitonin nasal spray reduce the risk of recurrence of central giant cell granuloma of the jaws?-a response. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Aug 20. pii: S0901-5027(16)30152-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2016.07.008.
• Terry BC, Jacoway JR. Management of central giant cell lesions: an alternative to surgical therapy. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1994:6:579-601.
• Triantafillidou K, Venetis G, Karakinaris G, Iordanidis F. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws: a clinical study of 17 cases and a review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2011 Mar;120(3):167-74. PMID: 21510142.
• Ustündağ E, Iseri M, Keskin G, Müezzinoğlu B. Central giant cell granuloma. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2002 Sep 2;65(2):143-6. PMID: 12176185.
• Vered M, Buchner A, Dayan D. Immunohistochemical expression of glucocorticoid and calcitonin receptors as a tool for selecting therapeutic approach in central giant cell granuloma of the jaw bones. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Aug;35(8):756-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.02.014.
• Whitaker SB. Waldron CA. Central giant cell lesions of the jaws. A clinical, radiologie, and histopathologic study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 Feb;75(2):199-208. PMID: 8426719.