Role of transversus abdominis muscle in spinal stability
Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This is a descriptive review of specific topic areas regarding the function of the transversus abdominis muscle (Tra) in context of the Tra having a central role in spinal stabilization.
A literature search was made to examine the experiments supporting a spinal stabilizing role of the transversus abdominis muscle and to compare to findings of other physiological research on the functions of the Tra.
The proposed generation of extension moment of the lumbar spine produced through tension of the thoracolumbar fascia or through raised intra abdominal pressure caused by the action of transversus abdominis muscle and the diaphragm does not appear to be supported by experiments. Experimental support for the stated earliest contraction of the Tra in response to perturbation appears to be lacking. There are many reports of the presence of several reflexive mechanisms by which movements of the limbs initiate respiratory activity of the Tra and of the diaphragm which could explain the activation of the Tra and the diaphragm in response to perturbation.
The co contraction of the Tra and the diaphragm associated with limb movements is likely to be a respiratory response and is also likely to create the necessary transdiaphragmatic pressure for protection and containment of the thoracoabdominal viscera; a spinal stabilization role is likely to be secondary.
Article Details
How to Cite
MAL, Ranjit Kumar.
Role of transversus abdominis muscle in spinal stability.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 8, dec. 2016.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/920>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
Keywords
Keywords. Transversus abdominis muscle; diaphragm; spinal stabilization; intra abdominal pressure.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
References
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Allison G T, Morris S L and Lay B. Feedforward Responses of Transversus Abdominis Are Directionally Specific and Act Asymmetrically: Implications for Core Stability Theories. Journal of orthopaedics & sports physical therapy 2008;38(5) : 228-237.
Barker PJ, Guggenheimer KT, Grkovic I, Briggs CA, Jones DC, Thomas CDL, Hodges P W. Effects of Tensioning the Lumbar Fasciae on Segmental Stiffness During Flexion and Extension: Young Investigator Award Winner. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:397-405.
Barnett F, Gilleard W. Spine flexion with abdo draw in. The use of lumbar spinal stabilization techniques during the performance of abdominal strengthening exercise variations. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness2005; 45 : 38-43.
Bartelink DL. The role of abdominal pressure in relieving the pressure on the lumbar intervertebral disc. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1957;39B:721-725.
Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA SUPPLEMENTUM 1989;230: 1-54.
Brice AG, Forster HV, Pan LG, Lowry TF, Murphy CL, Mead J. Effects of increased end-expiratory lung volume on breathing in awake ponies. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1991;70:715-25.
Buchholtz EA, Bailin HG, Laves SA, Yang JT, Chan MY, Drozd LE. Fixed cervical count and the origin of the mammalian diaphragm. Evolution & Development 2012;14:399-411.
Cala SJ, Kenyon CM, Ferrigno G, Carnevali P, Aliverti A, Pedotti A, Macklem PT, Rochester DF. Chest wall and lung volume estimation by optical reflectance motion analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology(Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1996;81:2680-9.
Carpenter MG, Tokuno CD, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. Differential control of abdominal muscles during multi-directional support-surface translations in man. Experimental Brain Research 2008;188:445–455 Mark G.
Celli B, Criner G, Rassulo J. Ventilatory muscle recruitment during unsupported arm exercise in normal subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1988;64:1936-41.
Cerny FJ, Ucer C. Arm work interferes with normal ventilation. Applied Ergonomics 2004;35:411-5.
Cholewicki J, Ivancic PC, Radebold A. Can increased intra-abdominal pressure in humans be decoupled from trunk muscle co-contraction during steady state isometric exertions? European Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;87:127-33.
Cholewicki J, VanVliet JJ 4th. Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2002;17:99-105.
Couser JI Jr, Martinez FJ, Celli BR. Respiratory response and ventilatory muscle recruitment during arm elevation in normal subjects Chest 1992;101:336-40.
Cresswell AG. Responses of intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal muscle activity during dynamic trunk loading in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1993;66(4):315-20.
Cresswell AG, Grundstrom H, Thorstensson A. Observations on intra-abdominal pressure and patterns of abdominal intra-muscular activity in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1992;144:409-418.
Cresswell AG, Oddsson L, Thorstensson A. The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing. Experimental Brain Research 1994;98:336-41.
Crommert ME, Ekblom MM, Thorstensson A. Activation of transversus abdominis varies with postural demand in standing. Gait & Posture 2011;33:473-7.
Daggfeldt K, Thorstensson A. The Role Of Intra-Abdominal Pressure In Spinal Unloading.
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D'Angelo E, Miserocchi G, Agostoni E. Effect of rib cage or abdomen compression at iso-lung volume on breathing pattern. Respiration Physiology1976;28:161-77.
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Eriksson Crommert AE, Thorstensson A. Trunk muscle reactions to sudden unexpected and expected perturbations in the absence of upright postural demand. Experimental Brain Research 2009;196:385–392.
Eriksson Crommert M, Ekblom MM, Thorstensson A. Motor control of the trunk during a modified clean and jerk lift. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2014;24:758-63.
Fife MM, Bailey CL, Lee DV, Carrier DR. Function of the oblique hypaxial muscles in trotting dogs. The Journal of Experimental Biology 2001;204:2371-2381.
Greising SM, Sieck DC, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Novel method for transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements in mice. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2013;188:56-9.
Hagan R, Bryan AC, Bryan MH, Gulston G. Neonatal chest wall afferents and regulation of respiration. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, environmental and exercise Physiology 1977;42:362-7.
Haxhiu MA, van Lunteren E, Mitra J, Cherniack NS, Strohl KP. Comparison of the responses of the diaphragm and upper airway muscles to central stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Respiration Physiology1984;58:65-76.
Hides J, Wilson S, Stanton W, McMahon S, Keto H, McMahon K, Bryant M, Richardson C. An MRI investigation into the function of the transversus abdominis muscle during "drawing-in" of the abdominal wall. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:175-8.
Hirasawa T, Kuratani SJ. A new scenario of the evolutionary derivation of the mammalian diaphragm from shoulder muscles. Journal of Anatomy 2013;222:504-17.
Hodges P, Kaigle HA, Holm S, Ekström L, Cresswell A, Hansson T, Thorstensson A. Intervertebral Stiffness of the Spine Is Increased by Evoked Contraction of Transversus Abdominisand the Diaphragm: In Vivo Porcine Studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:2594-601.
Hodges PW, Butler JE, McKenzie DK, Gandevia SC. Contraction of the human diaphragm during rapid postural adjustments. Journal of Physiology 1997;505:539-548.
Hodges PW, Creswell AG, Daggfeldt K & Thorstensson A. Three dimensional preparatory trunk motion precedes asymmetrical upper limb movement. Gait and Posture 2000;11:92-101.
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Hodges PW, Cresswell AG, Thorstensson A. Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. Exp brain Res1999;124: 69-79.
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Hodges PW, Gandevia SC. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. Journal of applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.:1985) 2000;89:967-76.
Hodges PW, Gandevia SC, Richardson CA. Contractions of specific abdominal muscles in postural tasks are affected by respiratory maneuvers. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.:1985) 1997;83(3):753-60.
Hodges PW, Heijnen I, Gandevia SC. Postural activity of the diaphragm is reduced in humans when respiratory demand increases. The Journal of Physiology 2001.537:999-1008.
Hodges PW & Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:2640-50.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Physical Therapy 19971;77:132-42.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics 19972 ;40 (11) :1220-30.
Hodges PW & Richardson CA. Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. Experimental Brain Research 19973;114:362-370.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999; 80:1005-12.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Transversus abdominis and the superficial abdominal muscles are controlled independently in a postural task. Neuroscience Letter 19991;265:91-4
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Allison G T, Morris S L and Lay B. Feedforward Responses of Transversus Abdominis Are Directionally Specific and Act Asymmetrically: Implications for Core Stability Theories. Journal of orthopaedics & sports physical therapy 2008;38(5) : 228-237.
Barker PJ, Guggenheimer KT, Grkovic I, Briggs CA, Jones DC, Thomas CDL, Hodges P W. Effects of Tensioning the Lumbar Fasciae on Segmental Stiffness During Flexion and Extension: Young Investigator Award Winner. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:397-405.
Barnett F, Gilleard W. Spine flexion with abdo draw in. The use of lumbar spinal stabilization techniques during the performance of abdominal strengthening exercise variations. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness2005; 45 : 38-43.
Bartelink DL. The role of abdominal pressure in relieving the pressure on the lumbar intervertebral disc. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1957;39B:721-725.
Bergmark A. Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA SUPPLEMENTUM 1989;230: 1-54.
Brice AG, Forster HV, Pan LG, Lowry TF, Murphy CL, Mead J. Effects of increased end-expiratory lung volume on breathing in awake ponies. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1991;70:715-25.
Buchholtz EA, Bailin HG, Laves SA, Yang JT, Chan MY, Drozd LE. Fixed cervical count and the origin of the mammalian diaphragm. Evolution & Development 2012;14:399-411.
Cala SJ, Kenyon CM, Ferrigno G, Carnevali P, Aliverti A, Pedotti A, Macklem PT, Rochester DF. Chest wall and lung volume estimation by optical reflectance motion analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology(Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1996;81:2680-9.
Carpenter MG, Tokuno CD, Thorstensson A, Cresswell AG. Differential control of abdominal muscles during multi-directional support-surface translations in man. Experimental Brain Research 2008;188:445–455 Mark G.
Celli B, Criner G, Rassulo J. Ventilatory muscle recruitment during unsupported arm exercise in normal subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1988;64:1936-41.
Cerny FJ, Ucer C. Arm work interferes with normal ventilation. Applied Ergonomics 2004;35:411-5.
Cholewicki J, Ivancic PC, Radebold A. Can increased intra-abdominal pressure in humans be decoupled from trunk muscle co-contraction during steady state isometric exertions? European Journal of Applied Physiology 2002;87:127-33.
Cholewicki J, VanVliet JJ 4th. Relative contribution of trunk muscles to the stability of the lumbar spine during isometric exertions. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2002;17:99-105.
Couser JI Jr, Martinez FJ, Celli BR. Respiratory response and ventilatory muscle recruitment during arm elevation in normal subjects Chest 1992;101:336-40.
Cresswell AG. Responses of intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal muscle activity during dynamic trunk loading in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1993;66(4):315-20.
Cresswell AG, Grundstrom H, Thorstensson A. Observations on intra-abdominal pressure and patterns of abdominal intra-muscular activity in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1992;144:409-418.
Cresswell AG, Oddsson L, Thorstensson A. The influence of sudden perturbations on trunk muscle activity and intra-abdominal pressure while standing. Experimental Brain Research 1994;98:336-41.
Crommert ME, Ekblom MM, Thorstensson A. Activation of transversus abdominis varies with postural demand in standing. Gait & Posture 2011;33:473-7.
Daggfeldt K, Thorstensson A. The Role Of Intra-Abdominal Pressure In Spinal Unloading.
Journal of Biomechanics 1997;30: I I49 -1155.
D'Angelo E, Miserocchi G, Agostoni E. Effect of rib cage or abdomen compression at iso-lung volume on breathing pattern. Respiration Physiology1976;28:161-77.
Deban SM & Carrier DR. Hypaxial muscle activity during running and breathing in dogs. Journal of Experimental Biology 2002;205:1953-67.
De Troyer A. Mechanical role of the abdominal muscles in relation to posture. Respiration Physiology 1983;53:341-53.
DiMarco AF, Romaniuk JR, Von Euler C, Yamamoto Y. Immediate change in ventilation and respiratory pattern associated with onset and cessation of locomotion in the cat. J Physiol. 1983;1983; 343: 1-16.
Erickson BK, Forster HV, Lowry TF, Pan LG, Korducki MJ, Forster AL, Forster MA. Changes in respiratory muscle activity in ponies when end- expiratory lung volume is increased. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 1994;76:2015-25.
Eriksson Crommert M, Halvorsen K, Ekblom MM. Trunk Muscle Activation at the Initiation and Braking of Bilateral Shoulder Flexion Movements of Different Amplitudes. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0141777.
Eriksson Crommert AE, Thorstensson A. Trunk muscle coordination in reaction to load-release in a position without vertical postural demand. Experimental Brain Research 2008;185:383-90.
Eriksson Crommert AE, Thorstensson A. Trunk muscle reactions to sudden unexpected and expected perturbations in the absence of upright postural demand. Experimental Brain Research 2009;196:385–392.
Eriksson Crommert M, Ekblom MM, Thorstensson A. Motor control of the trunk during a modified clean and jerk lift. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2014;24:758-63.
Fife MM, Bailey CL, Lee DV, Carrier DR. Function of the oblique hypaxial muscles in trotting dogs. The Journal of Experimental Biology 2001;204:2371-2381.
Greising SM, Sieck DC, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Novel method for transdiaphragmatic pressure measurements in mice. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2013;188:56-9.
Hagan R, Bryan AC, Bryan MH, Gulston G. Neonatal chest wall afferents and regulation of respiration. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, environmental and exercise Physiology 1977;42:362-7.
Haxhiu MA, van Lunteren E, Mitra J, Cherniack NS, Strohl KP. Comparison of the responses of the diaphragm and upper airway muscles to central stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Respiration Physiology1984;58:65-76.
Hides J, Wilson S, Stanton W, McMahon S, Keto H, McMahon K, Bryant M, Richardson C. An MRI investigation into the function of the transversus abdominis muscle during "drawing-in" of the abdominal wall. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2006;31:175-8.
Hirasawa T, Kuratani SJ. A new scenario of the evolutionary derivation of the mammalian diaphragm from shoulder muscles. Journal of Anatomy 2013;222:504-17.
Hodges P, Kaigle HA, Holm S, Ekström L, Cresswell A, Hansson T, Thorstensson A. Intervertebral Stiffness of the Spine Is Increased by Evoked Contraction of Transversus Abdominisand the Diaphragm: In Vivo Porcine Studies. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2003;28:2594-601.
Hodges PW, Butler JE, McKenzie DK, Gandevia SC. Contraction of the human diaphragm during rapid postural adjustments. Journal of Physiology 1997;505:539-548.
Hodges PW, Creswell AG, Daggfeldt K & Thorstensson A. Three dimensional preparatory trunk motion precedes asymmetrical upper limb movement. Gait and Posture 2000;11:92-101.
Hodges PW, Creswell AG, Daggfeldt K & Thorstensson A. In vivo measurement of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure on the human spine. Journal of Biomechanics 2001;34:347-53.
Hodges PW, Cresswell AG, Thorstensson A. Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. Exp brain Res1999;124: 69-79.
Hodges PW, Cresswell AG, Thorstensson A. Perturbed upper limb movements cause short-latency postural responses in trunk muscles. Experimental Brain Research 2001;138:243-50.
Hodges PW, Gandevia SC. Changes in intra-abdominal pressure during postural and respiratory activation of the human diaphragm. Journal of applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.:1985) 2000;89:967-76.
Hodges PW, Gandevia SC, Richardson CA. Contractions of specific abdominal muscles in postural tasks are affected by respiratory maneuvers. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.:1985) 1997;83(3):753-60.
Hodges PW, Heijnen I, Gandevia SC. Postural activity of the diaphragm is reduced in humans when respiratory demand increases. The Journal of Physiology 2001.537:999-1008.
Hodges PW & Richardson CA. Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996;21:2640-50.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Physical Therapy 19971;77:132-42.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics 19972 ;40 (11) :1220-30.
Hodges PW & Richardson CA. Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. Experimental Brain Research 19973;114:362-370.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Altered trunk muscle recruitment in people with low back pain with upper limb movement at different speeds. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999; 80:1005-12.
Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Transversus abdominis and the superficial abdominal muscles are controlled independently in a postural task. Neuroscience Letter 19991;265:91-4
Hussain SN, Ward ME, Gatensby AG, Roussos C, Deschamps A. Respiratory muscle activation by limb muscle afferent stimulation in anesthetized dogs. Respiration Physiology 1991;84:185-98.
Kimura K, Murakami H, Yamamoto M, Yokoyama T, Morita T, Ito Y, Hiraba K. Velocity-dependent EMG activity of masseter and sternocleidomastoideus muscles during a ballistic arm thrusting movement. Human Movement Science 2007; 26:48-67.
Kirkpatrick AW, Pelosi P, De Waele JJ, Malbrain ML, Ball CG, Meade MO, Stelfox HT, Laupland KB. Clinical review: Intra-abdominal hypertension: does it influence the physiology of prone ventilation? Critical Care (London, England) 2010;14:232.
Klein W, Owerkowicz T. Function of intracoelomic septa in lung ventilation of amniotes: lessons from lizards. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology: PBZ 2006;79:1019-32.
Kulas AS, Schmitz RJ, Shultz SJ, Henning JM, Perrin DH. Sex-specific abdominal activation strategies during landing. Journal of Athletic Training 2006;41:381-6.
Lavender SA, Marras WS, Miller RA. The development of response strategies in preparation for sudden loading to the torso. spine 1993;18:2097-105.
Leevers AM & Road JD. Abdominal muscle activation by expiratory threshold loading in awake dogs. Respir Physiol 1993;93:289- 303.
Mackey M, Ellis E, Nicholls M. Breathing patterns and heart rate during simulated occupational upper limb tasks in normal subjects. Physiotherapy Research International 1998;3:83-99.
Mador MJ, Tobin MJ. The effect of inspiratory muscle fatigue on breathing pattern and ventilatory response to CO2. The Journal of Physiology 1992;455:17-32.
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