A transmission experiment in calves infected with an assumed hypervirulent bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2c strain
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Abstract
To assess the importance of transiently infected (TI) cattle in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 2 infections and to describe the clinical signs caused by such an infection, a transmission experiment was performed. Three calves were intranasally infected with a hypervirulent BVDV-2c field strain isolated during a severe BVDV outbreak in Germany and housed together with seven susceptible animals. The clinical signs of the BVDV infected animals varied from very mild disease (fever, loss of appetite) to severe watery and haemorrhagic diarrhoea and death. The clinical signs and the level of BVDV excretion depended on the degree of viraemia. The basic reproduction ratio (R0) was estimated to be 0.49 (95% CI 0.06; 2.99), suggesting a limited viral spread using the BVDV-2c strain. This suggests that this BVDV-2 infection in TI animals resulted in limited transmission towards other animals.
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SARRAZIN, Steven et al.
A transmission experiment in calves infected with an assumed hypervirulent bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2c strain.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], n. 3, july 2015.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/240>. Date accessed: 15 nov. 2024.
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Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
Author year
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Doll, K. 2013. BVD-Virus Type 2 – Outbreak in Germany. BVD Day 2013.
http://bvd-day2013.eu/conferences2/ (accessed 22 September 2014)
Doll, K., Holsteg, M. 2013. BVD-virus type 2 – An outbreak in Germany. Cattle Practice 21: 216.
Fulton, R.W., Johnson, B.J., Briggs, R.E., Ridpath, J.F., Saliki, J.T., Confer, A.W., Burge, L.J., Step, D.L., Walker, D.A., Payton, M.E. 2006. Challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus by exposure to persistently infected calves: protection by vaccination and negative results of antigen testing in nonvaccinated acutely infected calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire 70:121-27. pmid: 16639944
Hamers, C., Couvreur, B., Dehan, P., Letellier, C., Fischer, L., Brun, A.J., Lewalle, P., Michaux, C., Pastoret, P.P., Kerkhofs, P. 2003. Assessment of the clinical and virological protection provided by a commercial inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 vaccine against a BVDV genotype 2 challenge. Veterinary Record 153:236-40. doi: 10.1136/vr.153.8.236
Hanon, J.B., Van Der Stede, Y., Antonissen, A., Mullender, C., Tignon, M., Van den Berg, T., Caij, B. 2014. distinction between persistent and transient infection in a bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) control programme: Appropriate interpretation of real-time RT-PCR and antigen-ELISA test results. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61:156-62. doi:10.1111/tbed.12011
Jenckel, M., Hoper, D., Schirrmeier, H., Reimann, I., Goller, K.V., Hoffmann, B., Beer, M. 2014. Mixed triple: allied viruses in unique recent isolates of highly virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus detected by deep sequencing. Journal of Virology 88:6983-92. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00620-14
Kroese, A.H., de Jong, M.C.M. 2001. Design and analysis of transmission experiments. Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Proceedings, xxi-xxxvii.
Lanyon, S.R., Hill, F.I., Reichel, M.P., Brownlie, J. 2014. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. The Veterinary Journal 199:201-9.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024
Laureyns, J., Ribbens, S., de Kruif, A. 2010. Control of bovine virus diarrhoea at the herd level: Reducing the risk of false negatives in the detection of persistently infected cattle. The Veterinary Journal 184:21-26. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.014
Lindberg, A., Alenius, S. 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Veterinary Microbiology 64:197-222. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00270-3
Lindberg, A., Houe, H. 2005. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72:55-73. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.07.018
Lindberg, A., Stokstad, M., Loken, T., Alenius, S., Niskanen, R. 2004. Indirect transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus at calving and during the postparturient period. Veterinary Record 154:463-7. doi:10.1136/vr.154.15.463
McClurkin, A.W., Littledike, E.T., Cutlip, R.C., Frank, G.H., Coria, M.F., Bolin, S.R. 1984. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine-Revue Canadienne de Medecine Comparee 48:156-61.
Moen, A. 2013. Boviene virus diarree type 2. GD Veterinair 19, 3.
Nickell, J.S., White, B.J., Larson, R.L., Renter, D.G., Roque, J., Hesse, R., Oberst, R., Peddireddi, L., Anderson, G. 2011. Onset and duration of transient infections among antibody- diverse beef calves exposed to a bovine viral diarrhea virus persistently infected calf. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 9:29-39. http://www.jarvm.com (Accessed June 9th 2015)
Niskanen, R., Lindberg, A., Larsson, B., Alenius, S. 2000. Lack of virus transmission from bovine viral diarrhoea virus infected calves to susceptible peers. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41:93-9.
Niskanen, R., Lindberg, A., Traven, M. 2002. Failure to spread bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection from primarily infected calves despite concurrent infection with bovine coronavirus. The Veterinary Journal 163:251-9. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2001.0657
Peterhans, E., Bachofen, C., Stalder, H., Schweizer, M. 2010. Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction. Veterinary Research 41. doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010016
Ridpath, J.F., Neill, J.D., Vilcek, S., Dubovi, E.J., Carman, S. 2006. Multiple outbreaks of severe acute BVDV in North America occurring between 1993 and 1995 linked to the same BVDV2 strain. Veterinary Microbiology 114:196-204. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.059
Velthuis, A.G.J., Bouma, A., Katsma, W.E.A., Nodelijk, G., de Jong, M.C.M. 2007. Design and analysis of small-scale transmission experiments with animals. Epidemiology and Infection 135:202-17. doi:10.1017/S095026880600673X
Walz, P.W., Bell, T.G., Wells, J.L., Grooms, D.L., Kaiser, L., Maes, R.K., Baker, J.C. 2001. Relationship between degree of viremia and disease manifestations in calves with experimentally induced bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62:1095-103. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1095
Bolin, S.R., Ridpath, J.F. 1992. Differences in virulence between 2 noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research 53:2157-63.
Doll, K. 2013. BVD-Virus Type 2 – Outbreak in Germany. BVD Day 2013.
http://bvd-day2013.eu/conferences2/ (accessed 22 September 2014)
Doll, K., Holsteg, M. 2013. BVD-virus type 2 – An outbreak in Germany. Cattle Practice 21: 216.
Fulton, R.W., Johnson, B.J., Briggs, R.E., Ridpath, J.F., Saliki, J.T., Confer, A.W., Burge, L.J., Step, D.L., Walker, D.A., Payton, M.E. 2006. Challenge with bovine viral diarrhea virus by exposure to persistently infected calves: protection by vaccination and negative results of antigen testing in nonvaccinated acutely infected calves. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research-Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire 70:121-27. pmid: 16639944
Hamers, C., Couvreur, B., Dehan, P., Letellier, C., Fischer, L., Brun, A.J., Lewalle, P., Michaux, C., Pastoret, P.P., Kerkhofs, P. 2003. Assessment of the clinical and virological protection provided by a commercial inactivated bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 vaccine against a BVDV genotype 2 challenge. Veterinary Record 153:236-40. doi: 10.1136/vr.153.8.236
Hanon, J.B., Van Der Stede, Y., Antonissen, A., Mullender, C., Tignon, M., Van den Berg, T., Caij, B. 2014. distinction between persistent and transient infection in a bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) control programme: Appropriate interpretation of real-time RT-PCR and antigen-ELISA test results. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61:156-62. doi:10.1111/tbed.12011
Jenckel, M., Hoper, D., Schirrmeier, H., Reimann, I., Goller, K.V., Hoffmann, B., Beer, M. 2014. Mixed triple: allied viruses in unique recent isolates of highly virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus detected by deep sequencing. Journal of Virology 88:6983-92. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00620-14
Kroese, A.H., de Jong, M.C.M. 2001. Design and analysis of transmission experiments. Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Proceedings, xxi-xxxvii.
Lanyon, S.R., Hill, F.I., Reichel, M.P., Brownlie, J. 2014. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. The Veterinary Journal 199:201-9.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024
Laureyns, J., Ribbens, S., de Kruif, A. 2010. Control of bovine virus diarrhoea at the herd level: Reducing the risk of false negatives in the detection of persistently infected cattle. The Veterinary Journal 184:21-26. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.11.014
Lindberg, A., Alenius, S. 1999. Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations. Veterinary Microbiology 64:197-222. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00270-3
Lindberg, A., Houe, H. 2005. Characteristics in the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of relevance to control. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 72:55-73. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.07.018
Lindberg, A., Stokstad, M., Loken, T., Alenius, S., Niskanen, R. 2004. Indirect transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus at calving and during the postparturient period. Veterinary Record 154:463-7. doi:10.1136/vr.154.15.463
McClurkin, A.W., Littledike, E.T., Cutlip, R.C., Frank, G.H., Coria, M.F., Bolin, S.R. 1984. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine-Revue Canadienne de Medecine Comparee 48:156-61.
Moen, A. 2013. Boviene virus diarree type 2. GD Veterinair 19, 3.
Nickell, J.S., White, B.J., Larson, R.L., Renter, D.G., Roque, J., Hesse, R., Oberst, R., Peddireddi, L., Anderson, G. 2011. Onset and duration of transient infections among antibody- diverse beef calves exposed to a bovine viral diarrhea virus persistently infected calf. International Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine 9:29-39. http://www.jarvm.com (Accessed June 9th 2015)
Niskanen, R., Lindberg, A., Larsson, B., Alenius, S. 2000. Lack of virus transmission from bovine viral diarrhoea virus infected calves to susceptible peers. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 41:93-9.
Niskanen, R., Lindberg, A., Traven, M. 2002. Failure to spread bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection from primarily infected calves despite concurrent infection with bovine coronavirus. The Veterinary Journal 163:251-9. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2001.0657
Peterhans, E., Bachofen, C., Stalder, H., Schweizer, M. 2010. Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction. Veterinary Research 41. doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010016
Ridpath, J.F., Neill, J.D., Vilcek, S., Dubovi, E.J., Carman, S. 2006. Multiple outbreaks of severe acute BVDV in North America occurring between 1993 and 1995 linked to the same BVDV2 strain. Veterinary Microbiology 114:196-204. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.059
Velthuis, A.G.J., Bouma, A., Katsma, W.E.A., Nodelijk, G., de Jong, M.C.M. 2007. Design and analysis of small-scale transmission experiments with animals. Epidemiology and Infection 135:202-17. doi:10.1017/S095026880600673X
Walz, P.W., Bell, T.G., Wells, J.L., Grooms, D.L., Kaiser, L., Maes, R.K., Baker, J.C. 2001. Relationship between degree of viremia and disease manifestations in calves with experimentally induced bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62:1095-103. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1095