Exposure to Actinobacteria resident in water-damaged buildings and resultant immune injury in Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Main Article Content
Abstract
The indoor air quality literature has expanded to include a wider variety of contaminants responsible for adverse human health effects. The increased use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), combined with the advent of transcriptomic assays, has defined specific causation of innate immune activation within this growing list of pathogenic microbes. Here we report the correlation of specific Actinobacteria as shown by NGS, with specific differential gene activation, using a transcriptomic assay (GENIE; Progene Dx, LLC, Bedford, Massachusetts).
The study provides newly described indices of dominance (DI) and prevalence (PI) for exposure to Actinobacteria that have enabled clinicians to develop targeted treatment protocols to improve health issues as shown by reduction of symptoms, restoration of normal proteomics and transcriptomics, and correcting molecular hypometabolism (MHM), upregulation of MAPKs and TGFBR, as part of a chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIRS), acquired following exposure to the interior environment of a water-damaged building (WDB).
NGS has shown differences in populations of Actinobacteria found in WDB that are paralleled by differences in innate immune responses. Actinobacteria carried on human skin (HH, human habitat), as opposed to dwelling in soils (SH, soil habitat), consistent with prior publications, can now be represented by DI and PI pinpointing of specific areas of WDB requiring remediation.
A review of the literature shows the capability of HH organisms to induce inflammatory processes in skin and systemically. In addition, the rapid expansion of research on extracellular vesicles suggests a reasonable basis for a mechanism by which resident HH initiate a cascade of inflammatory and metabolic events leading to adverse health effects following exposure to Gram-positive organisms, particularly lipophilic Corynebacteria, Cutibacteria and Mycobacteria, all of which contain mycolic acids in their cell walls.
The role of unique structural differences in specific mycolic acids stratifying those Actinobacteria that are inflammatory may become fertile ground for the treatment of HH-associated illnesses, including CIRS. A review of the biology of receptors for TGF beta-1 adds to the importance of preventing the downstream signaling from upregulated TGFBR in illness associated with elevated PI.
The aim of the paper is to identify distinguishing clinical features, including inflammation and immunoreactivity involving MAPK and TGFBR that are seen in illness associated with indoor exposure to Actinobacteria.
Article Details
How to Cite
SHOEMAKER, Ryan et al.
Exposure to Actinobacteria resident in water-damaged buildings and resultant immune injury in Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 9, n. 10, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2585>. Date accessed: 22 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v9i10.2585.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Shoemaker R, Rash J, Simon E. “Sick Building Syndrome in Water Damaged Buildings: Generalization of the Chronic Biotoxin Associated Illness Paradigm to Indoor Toxigenic Fungi. Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health.” Bioaerosols, Fungi, Bacteria, Mycotoxins and Human Health: Patho-Physiology, Clinical Effects, Exposure Assessment.
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5. Shoemaker R, Johnson K, Jim L, Berry Y, Dooley M, Ryan J, McMahon S. Diagnostic process for Chronic Inflammatory response Syndrome (CIRS): A consensus statement report of the Consensus Committee of Surviving Mold. Int. Med Rev. 2018, 4(5): 1-47.
6. Adams R, Miletto M, Lindow S, Taylor J, Bruns T. Airborne bacterial communities in residences: similarities and differences with fungi. PLoS One 2014; 9: 3-e91283.
7. Adams R, Bhangar S, Pasut W, Arens E, Taylor J, Lindow S, Nazaroff W, Bruns T. Chamber bioaerosol study: outdoor air and human occupants as sources of indoor airborne microbes. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0128022.
8. Dmitriev S, Vladimirov D, Lashkevich A. A quick guide to small-molecule inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis. Biochemistry 2020; 85: 1389-1421.
9. Tsunematsu Y, Nishimura S, Hattori A, Oishi S, Fuji N, Kakeya H. Isolation, structure elucidation, and total synthesis of tryptopeptins A and B, new TGF-B signaling modulators from Streptomyces sp. Org Letter 2015; 17(2) :258-261.
10. Layre E. Trafficking of mycobacterium tuberculosis envelope components and release within extracellular vesicles: Host-pathogen interactions beyond the wall. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 1230.
11. Brown L, Wolf J, Prados-Rosales R, Casadevall A. Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 13: 620-630.
12. Frojd M, Flardh K. Extrusion of extracellular membrane vesicles from hyphal tips of streptomyces venezuelae coupled to cell-wall stress. Microbiology 2019; 165: 1295-1305.
13. Hempel A, Cantlay S, Molle V, Wang S, Naldrett M, Parker J, Richards D, Jung Y, Buttner M, Flardh K. The Ser/Thr protein kinase AfsK regulates polar growth and hyphal branching in the filamentous bacteria Streptomyces. PNAS 2012; 109: E2371-E2379.
14. Kononen E, Wade W. Actinomycetes and related organisms in human infections. CMR 2015; 28: 419-442.
15. Rintala H. Actinobacteria in indoor environments: exposures and respiratory health effects. Frontiers in Bioscience 2011; S3: 1273-1284.
16. Schafer J, Jackel U, Kampfer P. Analysis of actinobacteria from mould-colonized water damaged building material. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2010; 33: 260-268
17. Shoemaker R. Metabolism, molecular hypometabolism and inflammation: Complications of proliferative physiology include metabolic acidosis, pulmonary hypertension, T reg cell deficiency, insulin resistance and neuronal injury. Trends Diabetes Metab 2020; 3: 1-15.
18. Suihko M, Priha O, Alakomi H, Thompson P, Malarstig B, Stott R, Richardson M. Detection and molecular characterization of filamentous actinobacteria and thermoactinomycetes present in water-damaged building materials. Indoor Air 2009; 19: 268-277
19. Rojas A, Padidam M, Cress D, Grady W. TGF-B receptor levels regulate the specificity of signaling pathway activation and biological effects of TGF-B. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1793: 1165-1173.
20. Kyra Y, Defourny Y, Smid E, Abee T. Gram-positive bacterial extracellular vesicles and their impact on health and disease. Frontiers in Microbiology 2018; 9: doi: 10.3389/fmicb
21. Ramachandran A, Vizan P, Das D, Chakravarty P, Vogt J, Rogers K, Muller P, Hinck A, Sapkota G, Hill C. TGF-B uses a novel mode of receptor activation to phosphorylate SMAD1/5 and indue epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Elife 2018; e31756.
22. Schwartze J, Becker S, Sakkas E, et al., Glucocorticoids recruit Tgfbr3 and Smad1 to shift transforming growth factor-B signaling from the Tgfbr1/Smad2/3 axis to the Acvrl1/Smad axis in lung fibroblasts. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2014; 289: 3262-3275.
23. Khalil H, Kanisicak O, Prasad V, Correll R, Fu X, Schips T, Vagnozzi R, Liu R, Huynh T, Lee S, Molkentin J. Fibroblast-specific TGF-B-Smad2/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis. Clin Invest 2017; 127: 3770-3783.
24. Senatorov V, Friedman A, Milikovsky D, et al., Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyperactivation of TGFB signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11: eaaw8283.
25. Meinhardt, J., Shoemaker, R. (2020). Proteomic biomarkers, NeuroQuant ® data and symptoms of brain neuronal injury in adults with subjective cognitive impairment. Meinhardt, J., DNP thesis. Georgetown University. Washington, DC
26. Yao Y, Chen R, Wang G, Zhang Y, Liu F. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells reverse EMT via TGF-B1/Smad pathway and promote repair of damaged endometrium. Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2019; 10: 22.
27. Duan D, Derynck R, Transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)-induced up-regulation of TGF-B receptors at the cell surface amplifies the TGF-B responses. J. Bio Chem 2019; 294: 8490-8504.
28. Tu E, Chia C, Chen W, Zhang D, Park S, Jin W, Wang D, Alegre M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Chen W. T cell receptor-regulated TGFB type 1 receptor expression determines T cell quiescence and activation. Immunity 2018; 48: 745-759.
29. Bain C, Montgomery J, Scott C, Kel J, Girard-Madoux H, Martens L, Zangerle-Murray, Ober-Blobaum J, Lindenbergh-Kortleve D, Samson J, Henri S, Lawrence T, Saeys Y, Malissen B, Dalod M, Clausen B. TGFBR signaling controls CD103 + CD11b + dendritic cell development in the intestine. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 620.
30. Altonsy M, Kurwa H, Lauzon G, Amrein M, Gerber A, Almishri W, Mydlarski P. Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, a human skin colonizer, induces the canonical nuclear factor-kB inflammatory signaling pathway in human skin cells. Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8: 62-79.
31. Hinic V, Weisser M, Straub C, Frei R, Goldenberger D. Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum: a potentially misidentified and multi-resistant Corynebacterium species isolated from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 2561-7.
32. Brown S, Laneelle A, Asselineau J, Barksdale L. Description of Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum sp. nov., a leprosy-derived Corynebacterium. Ann Microbiol 1984; 135B: 251-67.
33. Dobinson H, Anderson T, Chambers S, Doogue M, Seaward L, Werno A. Antimicrobial treatment options for granulomatous mastitis caused by Corynebacterium species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2015; 53: 2895-2899.
34. Abreu N, Nagalingam N, Song Y, Roediger F, Pletcher S, Goldberg, Lynch S. Sinus microbiome diversity depletion and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum enrichment mediates rhinosinusitis. Sci Transl Med. 2012; 4: 151ra124.
35. Shimada E, Kataoka H, Miyazawa Y, Yamamoto M, Igarashi T. Lipoproteins of actinomyces viscosus induce inflammatory responses through TLR2 in human gingival epithelial cells and macrophages. Microbes Infect 2012; 14: 916-21.
36. Barksdale L, Kim K. Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, mycobacterium and lepra bacilli. Acta Leprol 1984; 2: 153-74.
37. Yao T, Han X, Guan T, Zhai C, Liu C, Liu C, Zhu B, Chen L. Exploration of the microbiome community for saliva, skin, and a mixture of both from population living in Guangdong. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135: 63-62.
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