Screening for Biomarkers of Actinobacteria Associated with Water-Damaged Buildings – Part 1
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Abstract
Recent publications 1,2 have presented the view that a wider variety of microbial contaminants are responsible for adverse human health effects in susceptible individuals exposed to the microbial “soup” that results in water-damaged buildings (WDB) than previously ascribed.
Those articles presented an in-depth understanding of the expanded use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to detect the bacterial taxa present in these affected environments. When correlated with data from transcriptomic assays, these studies defined specific causation of innate immune activation by a growing list of microbial colonizers. Specifically, it was reported that a correlation existed between certain Actinobacteria as shown by NGS, with differential gene activation, from a transcriptomic assay (GENIE) detecting a defined clinical response.
This review seeks to assess the published literature to find and determine the potential for candidates that could be relied upon to act as a biomarker for Actinobacteria in dust and other samples in order to indicate the likelihood of Actinobacteria dominance or prevalence, sufficient to warrant progression to confirmation by NGS, much like endotoxins are broadly accepted as a biomarker for colonization by broad spectra of Gram-negative bacilli in WDB.
Article Details
How to Cite
SHOEMAKER, Ryan; LARK, D.
Screening for Biomarkers of Actinobacteria Associated with Water-Damaged Buildings – Part 1.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 1, jan. 2022.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2646>. Date accessed: 24 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i1.2646.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2 Shoemaker R, et al. Newer Molecular Methods Bring New Insights into Human- and Building- Health Risk Assessments from Water- Damaged Buildings: Defining Exposure and Reactivity, the Two Sides of Causation of CIRS-WDB Illness. Medical Research Archives 2021; 9(3): 1- 36.
3 Ikeda T, et al - Usefulness of the endotoxin activity assay as a biomarker to assess the severity of endotoxemia in critically ill patients. Innate Immun. 2014 Nov;20(8):881-7.
4 Gago G, Diacovich L, Arabolaza A, Tsai SC, Gramajo H. Fatty acid biosynthesis in actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2011;35(3):475-497
5 Daffe M, Draper P. The envelope layers of mycobacteria with reference to their pathogenicity. Adv Microb Physiol. 1998; 39:131–203.
6 Collins MD, Goodfellow M, Minnikin DE. Fatty acid composition of some mycolic acid-containing coryneform bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1982; 128:2503–2509.
7 Minnikin DE & Goodfellow M. Lipid composition in the classification and identification of acid-fast bacteria. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser. 1980; 8:189–256.
8 Gebhardt H, et al. The key role of the mycolic acid content in the functionality of the cell wall permeability barrier in Corynebacterineae. Microbiology. 2007; 153:1424–1434
9 Liu J, et al. Mycolic acid structure determines the fluidity of the mycobacterial cell wall. J Biol Chem. 1996; 271:29545–29551.
10 Astarie-Dequeker C, et al. Phthiocerol dimycocerosates of M. tuberculosis participate in macrophage invasion by inducing changes in the organization of plasma membrane lipids. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5: e1000289
11 Camacho LR, et al. identification of a virulence gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol. 1999; 34:257–267.
12 Cox JS, et al. Complex lipid determines tissue-specific replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Nature. 1999; 402:79–83.
13 Onwueme KC, et al. The dimycocerosate ester polyketide virulence factors of mycobacteria. Prog Lipid Res. 2005; 44:259–302.
14 Sirakova TD, et al. The M. tuberculosis pks2 gene encodes the synthase for the hepta- and octamethyl-branched fatty acids required for sulfolipid synthesis. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276:16833–16839.
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