Refutation of the Identity of the Contemporary Official Description of Atherosclerosis with the Real Atherosclerotic Lesions in Humans and Animals

Main Article Content

Sergey Rusanov

Abstract

The "contemporary official" description of AS, according to the generally accepted theory, should completely coincide with vascular lesions in an animal and vascular lesions in humans. A study of AS in humans and animals has shown that humans have two separate types of lesions that are completely unrelated. Both species have their own characteristics (etiology, pathogenesis, appearance), which are completely different from each other. Lesions in humans also do not coincide with lesions in animals. The "contemporary" type of AS differs both from AS in animals and AS in humans, but at the same time creates the illusion of "identity" of these processes. In practice, the "contemporary" look cannot be found in the vessels of animals and humans. This article analyzes how the "contemporary" type of atherosclerotic lesion appeared, and how, for 100 years, the "contemporary" type could create an imitation of the "similarity" of completely different processes.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis, LDL, Atherosclerotic plaque, Heart attack, Stroke, Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, Stress, Atherosclerosis in animals, Atherosclerosis in humans.

Article Details

How to Cite
RUSANOV, Sergey. Refutation of the Identity of the Contemporary Official Description of Atherosclerosis with the Real Atherosclerotic Lesions in Humans and Animals. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 10, n. 11, nov. 2022. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3293>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v10i11.3293.
Section
Research Articles

References

1. Buja LM, Nikolai N. Anitschkow and the lipid hypothesis of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 2014. vol. 23. no. 3. P. 183–184. PMID: 24484612.
DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2013.12.004.
2. Atherosclerosis. Wikipedia. [Internet] [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]. Link
3. What Is Atherosclerosis? – NHLBI, IH. [Internet] [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]. Link
4. Bergheanu SC, Bodde MC, Jukema JW. Pathophysiology and treatment of atherosclerosis : Current view and future perspective on lipoprotein modification treatment. Neth Heart J. 2017 Apr;25(4): 231–242. PMID: 28194698
PMCID: PMC5355390
DOI: 10.1007/s12471–017–0959–2.
5. Crowther MA. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2005:436–41. PMID: 16304416. DOI: 10.1182/asheducation–2005.1.436.
6. Zhao Y, Qu H, Wang Y, et al. Small rodent models of atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Sep;129:110426. Epub 2020 Jun 20. PMID: 32574973. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110426.
7. Rusanov S. The affection of the disturbance of the hydrodynamics of blood in case of stress on pathological increase of level of low density lipoproteins in blood. The formation of cylindrical plaques, and their participation in the development of acute ischemic disorders of heart and brain. Med Hypotheses. 2017 Sep;106:61–70. Epub 2017 Jul 3. PMID: 28818274.
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.001.
8. Rusanov S. New in the etiology, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. The two different types of cholesterol plaques have nothing to do with each other. Ann Circ. 2021 6(1): 004–011. DOI: 10.17352/ac.000018.
9. Rusanov S. Atherosclerosis in Animals is a Separate Type of Atherosclerosis that has Nothing to do with the Two Types of Atherosclerosis in Humans. Medical Research Archives [S.l.]. v. 10, n. 4, apr. 2022. Date accessed: 07 Sept. 2022. DOI: https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/2760. Link
10. Stary H, Chandler A Dinsmore R, et al. A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 1512– 1531 PMID: 7670967. DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.15.9.1512.
11. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Surg Spot. [Video], Karotidnaya endarterektomiya: hirurgicheskoe lechenie kak profilaktika ishemicheskogo insulta; 2020 Oct 11 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [7:51, 7,58,10:23, 11:04, 11:15, 19,50, 20:39, 21:02, 23:21] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8–mohC5ChQ&ab_channel=SurgSpot Russian. Youtube
12. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Surgery Department. [Video], 1 Angioplastika: stentirovanie podklûčičnoj arterii 2. Karotidnaâ èndarterèktomiâ; [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [2:21]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2QeQD1iLAvI&ab_channel=SurgeryDepartment English. Youtube
13. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Nejrokhirurgiya. [Video], Operatsiya – karotidnaya ehndarterehktomiya 2; [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [1:21–1:36] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WSyddN4HpA English. Youtube
14. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Galina Skokova. [Video], Endarterectomy; 2012 Jul 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [1:57, 9:19, 13:50]. Available from: https://youtu.be/R8dVYf–LV44 English. Youtube
15. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Tech Insider. [Video], Devices 'eat' bad cholesterol; [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [0:40, 0:54] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=–1ybFwlbtDI English. Youtube
16. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: TAUVOD. [Video], Eradication of Atherosclerosis;[reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [8:40] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OA17PM4KBuM&ab_channel=TAUVOD English. Youtube
17. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: CTSNetVideo. [Video], Coronary Endarterectomy of the Left Anterior Descending Artery; [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [2:50, 4:56] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4A9C5fnaRho&t=8s English. Youtube
18. File: Carotid Plaque.jpg [Internet] [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]. Link
19. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: CTSNetVideo. [Video], Triple Coronary Endarterectomy in a Patient Undergoing CABG; 2019 Jan 29 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [5:11] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toI4O8U9Tsc&t=305s English. Youtube
20. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Alvin Wang. [Video], Carotid endarterectomy; 2007 Jul 17 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [01:40–03:22]. Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImHe–7RoqVc English. Youtube
21. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: NSPC Brain & Spine Surgery. [Video], CAROTID SURGERY; 2020 May 26 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [3:47–7:05] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qPtAWXJEs8 English. Youtube
22. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Dr. Sandeep Burathoki. [Video], Carotid Artery Stenting video 2012 Nov 16 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; [2:00–2:30] Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83uSyIrTEHg English. Youtube
23. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: UCLA Health. [Video], Carotid Artery Disease & Stroke Angioplasty – Dr. May Nour | UCLAMDChat; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b03GSL13QWs&t=369s English. Youtube
24. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: BusinessWire. [Video], Covidien Announces Final Results from Landmark DEFINITIVE LE Study; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJuNgeisRas English. Youtube
25. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]:BD. [Video], Rotarex™ Rotational Excisional Atherectomy System; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwvdlJE6zRE English. Youtube
26. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Philips Image Guided Therapy Devices. [Video], Atherectomy; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vjno6WbBD_c English. Youtube
27. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Intact Vascular. [Video], Tack Endovascular System® mechanism of action (MOA); 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvcKFWXdvr0 English. Youtube
28. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: ciro. [Video], rotablador; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=rotablador English. Youtube
29. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Navigating Radiology. [Video], Doppler Ultrasound Part 1 – Principles (w/ focus on Spectral Waveforms); 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pipx9hhl9g English. Youtube
30. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Icahn School of Medicine. [Video], The Mount Sinai Surgical Film Atlas: Carotid Endarterectomy; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa8XV27KNAY English. Youtube
31. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Houston Methodist DeBakey CV Education. [Video], Carotid Endarterectomy – CEA (Maham Rahimi, MD, Travis Vowels, MD, Thomas Loh, MD); 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWXCpRJAN8M&t=425s English. Youtube
32. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Houston Methodist DeBakey CV Education. [Video], Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA) Part 2 (ALAN B. LUMSDEN, MD); 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_wWpRKBy4w&t=205s English. Youtube
33. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Barrow Neurological Institute. [Video], Carotid Endarterectomy Requiring Intra–arterial Shunting; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUa–NdnszXQ English. Youtube
34. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: Icahn School of Medicine. [Video], The Mount Sinai Surgical Film Atlas: Carotid Endarterectomy; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa8XV27KNAY English. Youtube
35. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: MMCTS. [Video], Pulmonary endarterectomy – an example of treatment of right ventricular after load failure; 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYpk_AqzBxs&t=131s English. Youtube
36. YouTube [Internet]. [place unknown]: SurgMedia. [Video], Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA); 2018 July 2 [reviewed 2022 Sept. 27]; Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=De8WjNR6aJs English. Youtube
37. Qi J, Ping R, Zhang S, Xu Y, Wu K, Li Y. Effects of Cervical Rotatory Manipulation (CRM) on Carotid Atherosclerosis Plaque in Vulnerability: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study Using Animal Model. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Feb 4;2019:3793840.
doi: 10.1155/2019/3793840.
PMID: 30863777; PMCID: PMC6378770.
38. Shiomi M, Fan J. Unstable coronary plaques and cardiac events in myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits: questions and quandaries. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2008 Dec;19(6):631-6.
doi: 10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283189c18. PMID: 18957890
39. Lopes RD, Mehta RH, Hafley GE, Williams JB, Mack MJ, Peterson ED, Allen KB, Harrington RA, Gibson CM, Califf RM, Kouchoukos NT, Ferguson TB Jr, Alexander JH; Project of Ex Vivo Vein Graft Engineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT IV) Investigators. Relationship between vein graft failure and subsequent clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation. 2012 Feb 14;125(6):749-56.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.040311. Epub 2012 Jan 11. PMID: 22238227; PMCID: PMC3699199.
40. Ward AO, Caputo M, Angelini GD, George SJ, Zakkar M. Activation and inflammation of the venous endothelium in vein graft disease. Atherosclerosis. 2017 Oct;265:266-274.
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.023. Epub 2017 Aug 24. PMID: 28865843.
41. Kim FY, Marhefka G, Ruggiero NJ, Adams S, Whellan DJ. Saphenous vein graft disease: review of pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Cardiol Rev. 2013 Mar-Apr;21(2):101-9.
doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e3182736190.
PMID: 22968180.
42. Yamawaki H, Iwai N. Mechanisms underlying nano-sized air-pollution-mediated progression of atherosclerosis: carbon black causes cytotoxic injury/inflammation and inhibits cell growth in vascular endothelial cells. Circ J. 2006 Jan;70(1):129-40.
doi: 10.1253/circj.70.129. PMID: 16377937.
43. Qi J, Ping R, Zhang S, Xu Y, Wu K, Li Y. Effects of Cervical Rotatory Manipulation (CRM) on Carotid Atherosclerosis Plaque in Vulnerability: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study Using Animal Model. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Feb 4;2019:3793840.
doi: 10.1155/2019/3793840.
PMID: 30863777; PMCID: PMC6378770.
44. Yuan W, Xu C, Li B, Xia H, Pan Y, Zhong W, Xu L, Chen R, Wang B. Contributions of Costimulatory Molecule CD137 in Endothelial Cells. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 Jun;10(11):e020721.
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.020721. Epub 2021 May 22. PMID: 34027676; PMCID: PMC8483511.
45. Swystun LL, Liaw PC. The role of leukocytes in thrombosis. Blood. 2016; 128:753–762. DOI: 10.1182/blood‐2016‐05‐718114.
46. Slotta JE, Braun OO, Menger MD, Thorlacius H. Capture of platelets to the endothelium of the femoral vein is mediated by CD62P and CD162. Platelets. 2009 Nov;20(7):505-12.
doi: 10.3109/09537100903215417.
PMID: 19852690.
47. Castro-Ferreira R, Cardoso R, Leite-Moreira A, Mansilha A. The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Chronic Venous Disease. Ann Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;46:380-393. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2017.06.131. Epub 2017 Jul 6. PMID: 28688874.
48. Getz GS, Reardon CA. Animal models of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012 May;32(5):1104–15. Epub 2012 Mar 1. PMID: 22383700. PMCID: PMC3331926.
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.237693.
49. Nakashima Y, Plump A, Raines E, et al. ApoE – deficient mice develop lesions of all phases of atherosclerosis throughout the arterial tree. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994 Jan;14(1):133–40.
doi: 10.1161/01.atv.14.1.133. PMID: 8274468.
50. Orekhov A, Sobenin I. Modified lipoproteins as biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Frontiers In Bioscience, Landmark. 2018 23, 1422–1444, March 1, 2018.
PMID: 29293443. DOI: 10.2741/4653
51. Ross R. Atherosclerosis – an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:115–26. PMID: 9887164. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199901143400207
52. Libby P, Ridker P, Hansson G. Inflammation in atherosclerosis from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 54: 2129–2138.
PMID: 19942084. PMCID: PMC2834169.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.009.
53. Zhang X, Chen X, Liang Z, et al. Atorvastatin Promotes Macrocalcification, But Not Microcalcification in Atherosclerotic Rabbits: An 18F–NaF PET/CT Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 1;78(4):544–550. PMID: 34651601. DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000001088.
54. Aldrighi J, Lanz J, Mansur A, et al. Effect of sexual steroids on the calcium content of aortic atherosclerotic plaque of oophorectomized rabbits. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2005 May;38(5):705–11. Epub 2005 May 25. PMID: 15917951.
DOI: 10.1590/s0100–79x2005000500007.
55. Aboshady I, Cody D, Johnson E, et al. Flat–panel versus 64–channel computed tomography for in vivo quantitative characterization of aortic atherosclerotic plaques. Int J Cardiol. 2012 May 3;156(3):295–302. PMID: 21185613
PMCID: PMC3074048.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.11.011.
56. Catanozi S, Rocha J, Passarelli M, et al. Pitfalls in the assessment of murine atherosclerosis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009 Jun;42(6):471–5. PMID: 19448893.
DOI: 10.1590/s0100–879x2009000600001.
57. Frostegård J. Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Med. 2013 May 1;11:117. PMID: 23635324. PMCID: PMC3658954. DOI: 10.1186/1741–7015–11–117.
58. Steinberg D. Thematic review series: the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy: part I. J. Lipid Res. 2004. vol. 45. no. 9. P. 1583–1593. PMID: 15102877. DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R400003–JLR200.
59. Ota H, Omori H, Kawasaki M, et al. Clinical impact of PCSK9 inhibitor on stabilization and regression of lipid–rich coronary plaques: a near–infrared spectroscopy study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022 Jan 24;23(2):217–228.
PMID: 33637979. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab034.
60. Salvayre R, Negre–Salvayre A, Camaré C. Oxidative theory of atherosclerosis and antioxidants. Biochimie. 2016 Jun;125:281–96. Epub 2015 Dec 21. PMID: 26717905. DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.014.
61. Chevalier P, Dacosta A, Defaye P, et al. (1998) Arrythmic cardiac arrest due to isolated coronary artery spasm: Long–term outcome of seven resuscitated patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 31:57–61 PMID: 9426018. DOI: 10.1016/s0735–1097(97)00442–7
62. Connelly K, MacIsaac A, Jelinek V. Stress, myocardial infarction, and the "tako–tsubo" phenomenon. Heart. 2004 Sep;90(9):e52. PMID: 15310721.
PMCID: PMC1768425. DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2004.038851
63. Lowenstein C, Dinerman J, Snyder S . (1994) Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger. Ann Intern Med. 120:227–237. PMID: 8273987. DOI: 10.7326/0003–4819–120–3–199402010–00009
64. Leor J, Poole W, Kloner R. Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:413– 419 PMID: 8552142. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199602153340701
65. Kark JD, Goldman S, Epstein L. Iraqi missile attacks on Israel. JAMA.1995;273:1208–10. PMID: 7707629.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.273.15.1208
66. Witte D, Bots M, Hoes A, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in Dutch men during 1996 European football championship: longitudinal population study. BMJ. 2000 Dec 23–30;321(7276):1552–4. PMID: 11124170. PMCID: PMC27557. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1552
67. Allegra J, Mostashari F, Rothman J, et al. Cardiac events in New Jersey after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack. J Urban Health. 2005;82(3):358–63.
PMID: 16000653. PMCID: PMC3456051. DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jti087
68. Feng J, Lenihan D, Johnson M, et al. Cardiac sequelae in Brooklyn after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Clin Cardiol. 2006;29 (1):13–7.
PMID: 16477772. PMCID: PMC6654218. DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960290105
69. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. INTERHEART investigators. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case–control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11–17;364(9438):953–62. PMID: 15364186. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(04)17019–0
70. Shen B, Avivi Y, Todaro J, et al. Anxiety characteristics independently and prospectively predict myocardial infarction in men: the unique contribution of anxiety among psychologic factors J Am Coll Cardiol. 51 (2008), pp. 113–119 PMID: 18191733. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.033
71. Mittleman M, Maclure M, Sherwood J, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Circulation. 1995 Oct 1;92(7):1720–5. PMID: 7671353. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.92.7.1720
72. Allison T. Identification and treatment of psychosocial risk factors for coronary artery disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Aug;71(8):817–9. PMID: 8691905. DOI: 10.1016/S0025–6196(11)64849–0
73. Tsouna–Hadjis E, Mitsibounas D, Kallergis G, et al. Autonomic nervous system responses to personal stressful events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Preliminary results. Psychother Psychosom. 1998;67(1):31–6. PMID: 9491438. DOI: 10.1159/000012256
74. Thombs B, Bass E, Ford D, et al. Prevalence of depression in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Gen Intern Med. 2006; 21:30–38. PMID: 16423120. PMCID: PMC1484630. DOI: 10.1111/j.1525–1497.2005.00269.x
75. Wells K, Rogers W, Burnam M, et al. Course of depression in patients with hypertension, myocardial infarction, or insulin–dependent diabetes. Am J Psychiatry. 1993; 150:632–638. PMID: 8465882.
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.150.4.632
76. Van Melle J, de Jonge P, Spijkerman T, et al. Prognostic association of depression following myocardial infarction with mortality and cardiovascular events: a meta–analysis. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66:814–822 PMID: 15564344. DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000146294.82810.9c
77. Kaptein K, de Jonge P, van den Brink R, et al. Course of depressive symptoms after myocardial infarction and cardiac prognosis: a latent class analysis. Psychosom Med. 2006; 68:662–668 PMID: 16987947.
DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000233237.79085.57