Cryptochrome: An ancient blue light photoreceptor impacts modern mammalian physiology
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cryptochromes, evolutionally conserved and retained in mammals as transcriptional regulators having a repressive role in the transcription-translation feedback loop, the molecular mechanism behind the control of the endogenous mammalian circadian clock. This clock mechanism regulates the oscillation of a huge number of clock-controlled output genes. This in turn is responsible for modification of the physiological response of most organs and tissues, to coordinate with diurnal and seasonal changes in light and nutrient availability. Cryptochromes have also been found to participate in additional signalling cascades, outside of the circadian system, forming supplementary feedback loops that initiate cross-talk between systems influencing metabolism, inflammation and DNA damage response to maintain cellular homeostasis. This physiological organisation system has developed from Palaeolithic man but is still relevant in our modern world.
Keywords:
Cryptochrome, blue light photoreceptor, blue light photoreceptor impacts, mammalian physiology
Article Details
How to Cite
SMITH, David John Mackay.
Cryptochrome: An ancient blue light photoreceptor impacts modern mammalian physiology.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 11, n. 1, jan. 2023.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3523>. Date accessed: 21 nov. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i1.3523.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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2. Zhong M, Kawaguchi R, Kassai M, Sun H., Retina, retinol, retinal and the natural history of vitamin A as a light sensor. 2012. Nutrients; 4: 2069-2096.
3. Hankins, M., Peirson, S., Foster, R. Melanopsin: An exciting photopigment. 2007. Trends in Neurosci; #1(1): 33-36.
4. Sancar, A. Structure and function of DNA photolyase and cryptochrome blue-light photoreception. 2003. Chem Rev; 103: 2203-2237.
5. Huang, R., Zhou, P-K. DNA damage repair: Historical perspectives, mechanistic pathways and clinical translation for targeted cancer therapy. 2021. Signal trans. & targeted therapy: 6: 254. https://doi.org/10.1038/341392-021-00648-7.
6. Vechtomova, Y., Telegina, T., Buglak, A., et al. UV radiation in DNA damage and repair involving DNA-photolyases and cryptochromes. 2021. Biomedicines; 9: 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines 9111564.
7. Prorok, P., Grin, I., Matkarimov, B., et al. Evolutionary origins of DNA repair pathways: Role of oxygen catastrophe in the emergence of DNA glycosylases. 2021. Cell; 10 :1591.
8. Cashmore, A. Cryptochromes: Enabling plants and animals to determine circadian time. 2003. Cell; 114: 537-543.
9. Emery, P, So, W., Kaneko, M., et al. CRY, a Drosophila clock and light regulating cryptochrome is a major contributor to circadian rhythm resetting and photosensitivity. 1998. Cell; 95: 669-679.
10. Khan, S., Xu, H., Ukai-Todenuma, M., et al. Identification of a novel cryptochrome differentiation domain required for feedback repression in circadian clock function. 2012. J Biol Chem; 287: 25917-25926. [Pub Med:22692217].
11. Evans, J., Pan, H., Liu, A., et al. CRY1-/-circadian rhythm depends on SCN intercellular coupling. 2012. J Biorhythms; 27: 443-452 [Pub Med:23223370].
12. Kutta, R., Archipowa, N., Liu, A., et al. Vertebrate cryptochromes are vestigial flavoproteins. 2017. www.Nature.com/ scientific reports 7.44906.
13. Kriebs, A., Jordan, S., Soto, E., et al. Circadian repressors CRY1 and CRY2 broadly interact with nuclear receptors and modify transcriptional activity. 2017. PNAS; 114(33):8776-8781.
14. Sonoda, J., Peri, L., Evans, R. Nuclear receptors: Decoding metabolic disease. 2008. FEBS Lett; 582: 2-9.
15. Zhao, X., Cho, H., Yu, R., et al. Nuclear receptors rock around the clock. 2014. EMBO reports; 15(5): 518-528.
16. Belsalobre, A., Brown, S., Marcacci, L., et al. Resetting of circadian time in peripheral tissues by glucocorticoid signaling. 2000. Science; 289:2344-2347.
17. So, A., Bernal, T., Pillsburg, M., et al. Glucocorticoid regulation of the circadian clock modifies glucose homeostasis.2009. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 106: 17582-17587.
18. Isida, A., Mutoch, T., Ueyama, T., et al. Light activates the adrenal gland: Timing of gene expression and glucocorticoid release. 2005. Cell Metab; 2: 297-307.
19. Monteiro de Assis, L., Tonelli, P., Moraes, M., et al. How does the skin sense light? An integrative view of light sensing molecules. 2021. J Photochem & photbiol; 47:100403.
20. Smith, D. Photosensory function, reception and response in human skin. 2021. J Clin & cosmetic Dermatol; 5(2):1-5.
21. Nader, N., Chrousos, G., Kino, T. Circadian rhythm transcriptional factor CLOCK regulates the transcriptional activity of the glucose receptor by acetylating its hinge region lysine cluster: Potential physiological implications. 2009. FASEB J; 23: 1572-1583.
22. Nordie, R., Foster, J., Lange, A. Regulation of glucose production by the liver. 1999. Annu Rev Nut; 19: 379-406.
23. Screaton, R., et al. The CREB coactivator TORC2 functions as a calcium- and cAMP-sensitive coincidence detector. 2004. Cell; 119: 1152-1156.
24. Zhang, E., Liu, Y., Denton, R., et al. Cryptochrome mediates circadian regulation of cAMP signaling and hepatic gluconeogenesis. 2010. Nature Med; 16(10): 1152-1156.
25. Raghuram, S., Stayrook, K., Huang, P., et al. Identification of heme as the ligand for the orphan nuclear receptors REV-ERB alpha and REV-ERB beta. 2007. Nat Struct Mol Biol; 14: 1207-1213.
26. Ueda, H., Hayashi, S., Chen, W., et al. System-level identification of transcriptional circuits underlying mammalian circadian clocks. 2005. Nat Genet; 37: 1207-1213.
27. Cho, H., Zhao, X., Hatori, M., et al. Regulation of circadian behavior and metabolism by REV-ERB alpha and EVR-ERB beta. 2021. Nature; 485: 123-127.
28. Yang, X., Downes, M., Yu, R., et al. Nuclear receptor expression links the circadian clock to metabolism. 2006. Cell; 126: 801-810.
29. Panda, S., Antoch, M., Miller, B., et al. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. 2002. Cell; 109: 307-320.
30. Boergeson, M., Pedersen, T., Gross, B., et al. Genome -wide profiling of liver X receptor, retinoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor alpha in mouse liver reveals extensive sharing of binding sites. 2021. Mol Cell Biol; 32: 852-867.
31. Shi, G., Xing, L., Liu, Z., et al. Dual roles of FBXL3in mammalian circadian feedback loops are important for period determination and robustness of the clock. 2013. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 110:4750-4755.
32. Shafi, A., McNair, C., McCann, J., et al. The circadian cryptochrome, CRY1, is a protumorigenic factor that rhythmically modules DNA repair. 2021. Nature Communications; 12:401.
33. Anand, S., et al. Distinct and separate roles for endogenous CRY1 and CRY2 within the circadian molecular clockwork of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as revealed by Fbx13Afh mutation. 2013. J Neurosci; 33: 7145-7153.
34. Sun, Q., Yu, X., Degraff, D., et al. Upstream stimulation factor 2, a novel FoxA1-interacting protein is involved in prostate-specific gene expression. 2009. Mol Endocrinol; 23: 2038-2047.
35. Dakup, P. & Gaddameedhi, S. Impact of the circadian clock on UV-induced DNA damage response and photocarcinogenesis. 2017. Photochem Photobiol; 93: 296-303.
36. Wang, C., Helburn, I., Wu, D., et al. Transduction of the geomagnetic field as evidenced from alpha-band activity in the human brain. 2019. eNeuro. 0413-18.2019.