Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency among Hausa and Fulani ethnics in Kano, North-West Nigeria
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the rate-determining step in the pentose phosphate pathway. Its activity is a key determinant of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH-to-NADP+) ratio in the cytoplasm and thus contributes to the replenishment of the antioxidant glutathione system. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is a common X-linked human enzyme defect of red blood cells. Individuals with this gene defect appear normal until exposed to oxidative stress which induces haemolysis but it is infrequently taken into consideration in health practices.
Aim: The present work was designed to determine the frequency of occurrence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency among Hausa and Fulani ethnics.
Material and methods: Cross-sectional comparative study in which 5 mL of venous blood samples were collected from 1000 individuals (596 males and 404 females) all of whom gave informed consent were screened for G-6-PD-deficiency by qualitative methaemoglobin reduction and quantitative enzyme activity measurement techniques.
Results: Glucose-6-phoshate dehydrogenase deficiency was found in 194 (19.4%) of participants studied. Of these 10.3% were Fulani and 22.2% were Hausa with mean G-6-PD enzyme activity of 2.5 IU/gHb in a range from 1.4 to 2.4 IU/gHb. G-6-PD deficiency was found in 121 of 596 (20.3%) males and 73 of 404 (18.1%) females screened.
Conclusions: These results suggest high occurrence of phenotypic G-6-PD deficiency in Hausa ethnics of Kano with lower enzyme status among males living with G-6-PD deficiency.
Keywords:
G-6-PD deficiency, Hausa, Fulani, Kano-Nigeria
Article Details
How to Cite
I, Jelani et al.
Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency among Hausa and Fulani ethnics in Kano, North-West Nigeria.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 5, may 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5314>. Date accessed: 30 june 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i5.5314.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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27. Abubakar A, Opata MO, Zubair AI, Maigari AK, Yusuf AB, Okwonkwo PO, Duru BN, Junaid SA, Mokogwu, ATH, Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in anaemic patients attending general hospital Kafanchan, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health Epidemiology, 2015; 7(2):41-45.
28. Eze EM, Christian SG, Okere TO. Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency among the Ogoni and Etche Ethnic Groups in Rivers State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2019; 14(1): 1-6.
29. Ademowo OG, Falusi AG, Molecular epidemiology and activity of erythrocyte G-6-PD variants in a homogeneous Nigerian population. East African Medical Journal, 2002; 79(1): 42-44.
30. Uzoegwu PN, Awah FM, Prevalence of sickle haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency genes in the populations of North West and South West provinces, Cameroon. Animal Research International, 2006; 3(3): 581-586.
31. Nuchprayoon I, Sanpavat S, Nuchprayoon S. Glucose- 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Mutations in Thailand: G-6-PD Viangchan (871G>A) Is the Most Common Deficiency Variant in the Thai Population. Human Mutation, 2002; 481: 322-327.
32. Mombo LE, Ntoumi F, Bisseye C, Ossari S, Lu CY, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R, Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese school children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2003; 68: 186-190.
33. Obasa TO, Mokuolu OA, Ojuawo A, Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase levels in babies delivered at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 2011; 38(4): 165-169.
34. World Health Organization, (WHO), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. WHO Working Group, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1989; 67: 601-611.
35. Adedemy JD, Gomina M, Agossou J, Noudamadjo A, Yerima EM, d’Almeida M, Adeothy-Koumakpaï S, Akpona SA, Prevalence of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among infants and children of Parakou, Benin. Current Pediatric Research, 2015; 19(1&2): 58-65
36. Williams O, Gbadero D, Edowhorhu G, Brearley A, Slusher T, Lund TC, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Nigerian children. Public Library of Science ONE, 2013; 8(7): e68800.
37. Ondei LS, Silveira LM, Leite AA, Souza DRS, Pinhel MAS, Percário S, Júnior OR, Bonini-Domingos, CR, Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of G6PD-deficient patients with A-(202G>A) mutation. Genetics and Molecular Research, 2009; 8(4): 1345-1351.
38. Pereira LL, Bravin CA, Cintra TS, Cassa WS, Santos TA, Fonseca A, Pratte-Santos R Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and molecular characterization of G202A, A376G and C563T polymorphisms in newborns in Southeastern Brazil. einstein (São Paulo). 2019; 17(1): 1-7.
39. Shah SS, Macharia A, Makale J, Uyoga S, Kivinen K, Craik R, Hubbart C, Wellems TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Williams TN,. Genetic determinants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Kenya. BMC Medical Genetics Journal, 2014; 15(93): 1-10.
40. Vizzi E, Bastidas G, Hidalgo M, Colman L, Pérez HA. Prevalence and molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency in two Plasmodium vivax endemic areas in Venezuela: predominance of the African A‑202A/376G variant. Malaria Journal, 2016; 15(19):1-9.
41. Samuel AB, Jonathan KA, Peter OF, Stephen A, Ransford K, Mahmood AS. Comorbidity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Sickle Cell Disease Exert Significant Effect on RBC Indices, Anemia, 2019; Article ID 3179173.
42. Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Vreman HJ, Stevenson DK, Beutler E. Acute haemolysis and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient heterozygotes. Journal of Pediatrics, 2001; 139: 137-140.
2. Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. The Lancet, 2008; 371: 64-74.
3. Luzzatto L, Notaro Malaria R. Protecting against bad air. Science, 2001; 293: 442–443.
4. Ella TN, Charles P, Vani V, Susan AH, Ernest B. The global prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, 2009; 42: 267-278.
5. Luzzatto L. Gordon-Smith EC. Inherited haemolytic anaemia. In: Hoffbrand, A. V., Lewis, S. M. and Tuddenham, E. G. D. (eds). Postgraduate Haematology. 4th ed. London: Arnold. Pp. 2001; 120-143.
6. Oduola T, Thomas KD. Falana CO. Prevalence and pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in different haemoglobin types in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 2004; 13(2): 67-71.
7. Akanni EO, Oseni BSA, Agbona VO, Tijani BA, Tosan E, Fakunle EE, Mabayoje VO. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in blood donors and jaundiced neonates in Osogbo, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Laboratory and Diagnosis, 2010; 1(1): 1-4.
8. Egesie OJ, Joseph DE, Isiguzoro I, Egesie UG, Glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity and deficiency in a population of Nigerian males resident in Jos. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences, 2008; 23 (1-2): 9-11.
9. Mockenhaupt FP, May J, Stark K, Falusi AG, Meyer CG, Bienzle U, Serum transferrin receptor levels are increased in asymptomatic and mild plasmodium falciparum-infection. Haematologica, 1999; 84: 869-873.
10. May J, Meyer CG, Grossterlinden L, Ademowo OG, Mockenhaupt FP, Olumese PE, Falusi AG, Luzatto L, Bienzie U, Red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status and pyruvate kinase activity in a Nigerian population. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2000; 5(2): 119-123.
11. Omisakin CT, Esan AJ, Ogunleye AA, Bola OO, Owoseni MF, Omoniyi DP, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and sickle cell trait among blood donors in Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health Research, 2014; 2(2): 51-55.
12. Jelani I, Garba N, Zakariyya A, Isah SY, Co-inheritance of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Deficiency and Sickle Cell Traits in Sokoto Metropolis Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2017; 2(3): 1-6.
13. Ogbodo SO, Shu EN, Okeke AC. Vitamin antioxidants may prevent drug induced haemolysis of g6pd–deficient erythrocytes. Pharmacologyonline, 2006; 1: 90-99.
14. Abolghasemi H, Mehrani H, Amid A. An update on the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Tehran neonates. Elsevier, 2004; 37(3):241-244.
15. Beutler E, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A historical perspective. Blood, 2008; 111(1): 16-24.
16. Gaskin RS, Estwick D, Peddi R, G-6-PD deficiency: Its role in the high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Ethnicity and Disease, 2001; 11(4): 749-754.
17. Aaron L, Is there a need for neonatal screening of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Canada? McGill Journal of Medicine, 2007; 10(1): 31-34.
18. Beutler E, G-6-PD deficiency: Clinical manifestations, genetics and treatment. Blood, 1994b; 84(11): 3613-3623.
19. Dakata FAG, Yelwa SA, An Assessment of Mean Variation and inter-seasonal variation duringGrowing Season across Kano Region, Nigeria Using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Derived from SPOT Satellite Data. Global Advanced Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2012; 3:059-064.
20. Cheesbrough M, District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge Universal Press. 2002; Pp. 333.
21. Lohr GW, Waller HD: Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3rd ed. Varlag Chemie, Wehnheim: 1974; p. 636.
22. Zamorano-Jimenez CA, Baptista-Gonzalez HA, Bouchan-Valencia P, Granados-Cepeda ML, Trueba-Gomez R, Coeto-Borona G, Rosenfeld-Mann F, Rosa-Mireles LB, Melendez-Ramirez R (2015). Molecular Identification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) detected in neonatal screening. Gaceta Medico de Mexico, 151: 31-37.
23. Sagir GA, and Umma AI, Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency among Apparently blood donors in Kano, North-West Nigeria Orient Journal of Medicine, 2018; 30(3-4):
24. Hadiza A, Usman M, Ado MD, Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Individuals Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano, North Western Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 2017; 17(2): 1-12.
25. Farouk ZL, Ibrahim M, Ogala WN, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; the single most important cause of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in Kano, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 2017; 44 (2): 44–49.
26. Nabavizadeh SH, Anushiravani A, The prevalence of G6PD deficiency in blood transfusion recipients. Hematology, 2007; 12(1):85-8.
27. Abubakar A, Opata MO, Zubair AI, Maigari AK, Yusuf AB, Okwonkwo PO, Duru BN, Junaid SA, Mokogwu, ATH, Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in anaemic patients attending general hospital Kafanchan, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health Epidemiology, 2015; 7(2):41-45.
28. Eze EM, Christian SG, Okere TO. Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency among the Ogoni and Etche Ethnic Groups in Rivers State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 2019; 14(1): 1-6.
29. Ademowo OG, Falusi AG, Molecular epidemiology and activity of erythrocyte G-6-PD variants in a homogeneous Nigerian population. East African Medical Journal, 2002; 79(1): 42-44.
30. Uzoegwu PN, Awah FM, Prevalence of sickle haemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency genes in the populations of North West and South West provinces, Cameroon. Animal Research International, 2006; 3(3): 581-586.
31. Nuchprayoon I, Sanpavat S, Nuchprayoon S. Glucose- 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Mutations in Thailand: G-6-PD Viangchan (871G>A) Is the Most Common Deficiency Variant in the Thai Population. Human Mutation, 2002; 481: 322-327.
32. Mombo LE, Ntoumi F, Bisseye C, Ossari S, Lu CY, Nagel RL, Krishnamoorthy R, Human genetic polymorphisms and asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum malaria in Gabonese school children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2003; 68: 186-190.
33. Obasa TO, Mokuolu OA, Ojuawo A, Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase levels in babies delivered at University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 2011; 38(4): 165-169.
34. World Health Organization, (WHO), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. WHO Working Group, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1989; 67: 601-611.
35. Adedemy JD, Gomina M, Agossou J, Noudamadjo A, Yerima EM, d’Almeida M, Adeothy-Koumakpaï S, Akpona SA, Prevalence of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among infants and children of Parakou, Benin. Current Pediatric Research, 2015; 19(1&2): 58-65
36. Williams O, Gbadero D, Edowhorhu G, Brearley A, Slusher T, Lund TC, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Nigerian children. Public Library of Science ONE, 2013; 8(7): e68800.
37. Ondei LS, Silveira LM, Leite AA, Souza DRS, Pinhel MAS, Percário S, Júnior OR, Bonini-Domingos, CR, Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of G6PD-deficient patients with A-(202G>A) mutation. Genetics and Molecular Research, 2009; 8(4): 1345-1351.
38. Pereira LL, Bravin CA, Cintra TS, Cassa WS, Santos TA, Fonseca A, Pratte-Santos R Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and molecular characterization of G202A, A376G and C563T polymorphisms in newborns in Southeastern Brazil. einstein (São Paulo). 2019; 17(1): 1-7.
39. Shah SS, Macharia A, Makale J, Uyoga S, Kivinen K, Craik R, Hubbart C, Wellems TE, Rockett KA, Kwiatkowski DP, Williams TN,. Genetic determinants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Kenya. BMC Medical Genetics Journal, 2014; 15(93): 1-10.
40. Vizzi E, Bastidas G, Hidalgo M, Colman L, Pérez HA. Prevalence and molecular characterization of G6PD deficiency in two Plasmodium vivax endemic areas in Venezuela: predominance of the African A‑202A/376G variant. Malaria Journal, 2016; 15(19):1-9.
41. Samuel AB, Jonathan KA, Peter OF, Stephen A, Ransford K, Mahmood AS. Comorbidity of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Sickle Cell Disease Exert Significant Effect on RBC Indices, Anemia, 2019; Article ID 3179173.
42. Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Vreman HJ, Stevenson DK, Beutler E. Acute haemolysis and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient heterozygotes. Journal of Pediatrics, 2001; 139: 137-140.