Stuttering and Social Anxiety Disorder: New Insights and Treatment Possibilities
Main Article Content
Abstract
Stuttering (childhood-onset fluency disorder) is characterized by disruptions in speech fluency. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), the diagnosis of social anxiety disorder in people who stutter is prohibited. However, the introduction of the DSM-5 enabled the diagnosis of social anxiety disorder concurrently with stuttering, making the concerns of people who stutter more visible. Understanding the performance-only subtype of social anxiety disorder introduced in DSM-5 can prevent underestimating the concerns of people who stutter and lead to appropriate support. While cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in treating stuttering, accumulating evidence for pharmacotherapy is also necessary.
Keywords:
stuttering, social anxiety disorder, DSM-5, cognitive-behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy
Article Details
How to Cite
KIKUCHI, Yoshikazu et al.
Stuttering and Social Anxiety Disorder: New Insights and Treatment Possibilities.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 7, july 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5561>. Date accessed: 05 aug. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i7.5561.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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6. Yairi E, Ambrose N. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38(2):66-87.
7. O’Brian S, Jones M, Packman A, Menzies R, Onslow M. Stuttering severity and educational attainment. J Fluency Disord. 2011;36(2):86-92.
8. Craig A, Blumgart E, Tran Y. The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2009;34(2):61-71.
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11. Gerlach H, Totty E, Subramanian A, Zebrowski P. Stuttering and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(7):1649-1663.
12. Tichenor SE, Palasik S, Yaruss JS. Understanding the Broader Impact of Stuttering: Suicidal Ideation. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2023;32(5):2087-2110.
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22. Oberlander E, Schneier F, Liebowitz MR. Treatment of stuttering with phenelzine. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(2):355-356.
23. Blumgart E, Tran Y, Craig A. Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(7):687-692.
24. Stein MB, Baird A, Walker JR. Social phobia in adults with stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):278-280.
25. Schneier FR, Wexler KB, Liebowitz MR. Social phobia and stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(1):131.
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29. Iverach L, Jones M, McLellan LF, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2016;49:13-28.
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31. Sumi Y, Kunishige M, Tateno M, Ujie T, Tsutsumi H. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents. J Jpn Pediatr Soc. 2010;114:1185–93.
32. Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists. J Fluency Disord. 2009;34(3):187-200.
33. Helgadóttir FD, Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. A standalone Internet cognitive behavior therapy treatment for social anxiety in adults who stutter: CBTpsych. J Fluency Disord. 2014;41:47-54.
34. Menzies R, O'Brian S, Lowe R, Packman A, Onslow M. International Phase II clinical trial of CBTPsych: A standalone Internet social anxiety treatment for adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2016;48:35-43.
35. Menzies RG, Packman A, Onslow M, O'Brian S, Jones M, Helgadóttir FD. In-Clinic and Standalone Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy Treatment for Social Anxiety in Stuttering: A Randomized Trial of iGlebe. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019;62(6):1614-1624.
36. Gunn A, Menzies RG, Onslow M, et al. Phase I trial of a standalone internet social anxiety treatment for adolescents who stutter: iBroadway. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2019;54(6):927-939.
37. Schneier FR. Clinical practice. Social anxiety disorder. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(10):1029-1036.
38. Leichsenring F, Leweke F. Social Anxiety Disorder. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2255-2264.
39. Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL. The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:158. Published 2020 Mar 27.
40. Bögels SM, Alden L, Beidel DC, et al. Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(2):168-189.
41. Mitsui N, Fujii Y, Asakura S, et al. Antidepressants for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2022;42(4):398-409.
42. Maguire G, Franklin D, Vatakis NG, et al. Exploratory randomized clinical study of pagoclone in persistent developmental stuttering: the EXamining Pagoclone for peRsistent dEvelopmental Stuttering Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(1):48-56.
43. McCall WV. Sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(7):316.
44. Christensen RC, Byerly MJ, McElroy RA. A case of sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(1):92-93.
45. Ekhart C, van Hunsel F, van Harten P, van Baarsen J, Yingying T, Bast B. Drug-Induced Stuttering: Occurrence and Possible Pathways. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:692568. Published 2021 Aug 25.
46. Hofmann SG, Heinrichs N, Moscovitch DA. The nature and expression of social phobia: toward a new classification. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(7):769-797.
47. Blöte AW, Kint MJ, Miers AC, Westenberg PM. The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: a review. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(3):305-313.
48. Szeleszczuk Ł, Frączkowski D. Propranolol versus Other Selected Drugs in the Treatment of Various Types of Anxiety or Stress, with Particular Reference to Stage Fright and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(17):10099. Published 2022 Sep 3
2. Reilly S, Onslow M, Packman A, et al. Predicting stuttering onset by the age of 3 years: a prospective, community cohort study. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):270-277.
3. Reilly S, Onslow M, Packman A, et al. Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: a prospective community-based study. Pediatrics. 2013;132(3):460-467.
4. Sakai N, Miyamoto S, Hara Y, et al. Multiple-Community-Based Epidemiological Study of Stuttering among 3-Year-Old Children in Japan. Folia Phoniatr Logop. Published online May 2, 2024.
5. Yairi E, Ambrose NG. Early childhood stuttering I: persistency and recovery rates. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(5):1097-1112.
6. Yairi E, Ambrose N. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38(2):66-87.
7. O’Brian S, Jones M, Packman A, Menzies R, Onslow M. Stuttering severity and educational attainment. J Fluency Disord. 2011;36(2):86-92.
8. Craig A, Blumgart E, Tran Y. The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2009;34(2):61-71.
9. Koedoot C, Bouwmans C, Franken MC, Stolk E. Quality of life in adults who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2011;44(4):429-443.
10. McAllister J, Collier J, Shepstone L. The impact of adolescent stuttering on educational and employment outcomes: evidence from a birth cohort study. J Fluency Disord. 2012;37(2):106-121.
11. Gerlach H, Totty E, Subramanian A, Zebrowski P. Stuttering and Labor Market Outcomes in the United States. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(7):1649-1663.
12. Tichenor SE, Palasik S, Yaruss JS. Understanding the Broader Impact of Stuttering: Suicidal Ideation. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2023;32(5):2087-2110.
13. Sheehan J. Stuttering; research and therapy. Harper & Row, 1970.
14. Bloodstein O. The Development of Stuttering: II. Developmental Phases. J Speech Hear Disord. 1960;25(4):366-376.
15. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publications, 2013.
16. Kessler RC, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, Wittchen H -U. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2012;21(3):169-184.
17. Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008;371(9618):1115-1125.
18. Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med. 2008;38(1):15-28.
19. Kessler RC. The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: implications for intervention. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003;(417):19-27.
20. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-243.
21. Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(3):251-256.
22. Oberlander E, Schneier F, Liebowitz MR. Treatment of stuttering with phenelzine. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(2):355-356.
23. Blumgart E, Tran Y, Craig A. Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(7):687-692.
24. Stein MB, Baird A, Walker JR. Social phobia in adults with stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):278-280.
25. Schneier FR, Wexler KB, Liebowitz MR. Social phobia and stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(1):131.
26. Iverach L, Rapee RM. Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: current status and future directions. J Fluency Disord. 2014;40:69-82.
27. Menzies RG, O'Brian S, Onslow M, Packman A, St Clare T, Block S. An experimental clinical trial of a cognitive-behavior therapy package for chronic stuttering. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(6):1451-1464.
28. Iverach L, Menzies R, Jones M, O'Brian S, Packman A, Onslow M. Further development and validation of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering (UTBAS) scales: relationship to anxiety and social phobia among adults who stutter. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2011;46(3):286-299.
29. Iverach L, Jones M, McLellan LF, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2016;49:13-28.
30. Kikuchi Y, Kenjo M, Yoshida E, et al. Social anxiety disorder in adolescents who stutter: A risk for school refusal. Pediatr Int. 2023;65(1):e15622.
31. Sumi Y, Kunishige M, Tateno M, Ujie T, Tsutsumi H. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Liebowitz social anxiety scale for children and adolescents. J Jpn Pediatr Soc. 2010;114:1185–93.
32. Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: a tutorial for speech-language pathologists. J Fluency Disord. 2009;34(3):187-200.
33. Helgadóttir FD, Menzies RG, Onslow M, Packman A, O'Brian S. A standalone Internet cognitive behavior therapy treatment for social anxiety in adults who stutter: CBTpsych. J Fluency Disord. 2014;41:47-54.
34. Menzies R, O'Brian S, Lowe R, Packman A, Onslow M. International Phase II clinical trial of CBTPsych: A standalone Internet social anxiety treatment for adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2016;48:35-43.
35. Menzies RG, Packman A, Onslow M, O'Brian S, Jones M, Helgadóttir FD. In-Clinic and Standalone Internet Cognitive Behavior Therapy Treatment for Social Anxiety in Stuttering: A Randomized Trial of iGlebe. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2019;62(6):1614-1624.
36. Gunn A, Menzies RG, Onslow M, et al. Phase I trial of a standalone internet social anxiety treatment for adolescents who stutter: iBroadway. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2019;54(6):927-939.
37. Schneier FR. Clinical practice. Social anxiety disorder. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(10):1029-1036.
38. Leichsenring F, Leweke F. Social Anxiety Disorder. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2255-2264.
39. Maguire GA, Nguyen DL, Simonson KC, Kurz TL. The Pharmacologic Treatment of Stuttering and Its Neuropharmacologic Basis. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:158. Published 2020 Mar 27.
40. Bögels SM, Alden L, Beidel DC, et al. Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(2):168-189.
41. Mitsui N, Fujii Y, Asakura S, et al. Antidepressants for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. 2022;42(4):398-409.
42. Maguire G, Franklin D, Vatakis NG, et al. Exploratory randomized clinical study of pagoclone in persistent developmental stuttering: the EXamining Pagoclone for peRsistent dEvelopmental Stuttering Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(1):48-56.
43. McCall WV. Sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(7):316.
44. Christensen RC, Byerly MJ, McElroy RA. A case of sertraline-induced stuttering. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(1):92-93.
45. Ekhart C, van Hunsel F, van Harten P, van Baarsen J, Yingying T, Bast B. Drug-Induced Stuttering: Occurrence and Possible Pathways. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:692568. Published 2021 Aug 25.
46. Hofmann SG, Heinrichs N, Moscovitch DA. The nature and expression of social phobia: toward a new classification. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(7):769-797.
47. Blöte AW, Kint MJ, Miers AC, Westenberg PM. The relation between public speaking anxiety and social anxiety: a review. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(3):305-313.
48. Szeleszczuk Ł, Frączkowski D. Propranolol versus Other Selected Drugs in the Treatment of Various Types of Anxiety or Stress, with Particular Reference to Stage Fright and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(17):10099. Published 2022 Sep 3