Utility of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in Understanding Stuttering Issues
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Stuttering is a speech fluency disorder that can significantly affect quality of life. Among adults who seek consultations for stuttering, 40–60% have comorbid social anxiety disorder (SAD). The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) has been developed to assess the severity of SAD, while the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering for adults (OASES-A) questionnaire can measure the broader impact of stuttering. However, some medical professionals lack knowledge of such questionnaires.
Aims: Here, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the severity of stuttering and the OASES-A, and between the OASES-A and the LSAS.
Methods: Overall, 51 adults who stutter were included in this study. Stuttering frequency was assessed using a Japanese test, whereas the OASES-A questionnaire captured the comprehensive impact of stuttering on the participants’ lives. The LSAS was used to measure the severity of social anxiety. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the variables.
Results: The average stuttering frequency was 10%, and the mean OASES-A total score was 2.86. The mean total LSAS score was 51.5. While no significant correlation was found between stuttering frequency and OASES-A total scores, a significant correlation was noted between LSAS and OASES-A total scores.
Conclusion: This study found that stuttering frequency did not correlate with the OASES-A. Notably, a novel moderate correlation was identified between OASES-A and LSAS total scores. The LSAS may help to evaluate the challenges faced by people who stutter when the OASES-A is unavailable.
Keywords:
stuttering, childhood-onset fluency disorder, OASES, LSAS, social anxiety disorder
Article Details
How to Cite
KIKUCHI, Yoshikazu et al.
Utility of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in Understanding Stuttering Issues.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 11, nov. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5898>. Date accessed: 12 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i11.5898.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Ambrose NG, Cox NJ, Yairi E. The genetic basis of persistence and recovery in stuttering. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997;40(3):567-580. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4003.567.
3. Yairi E, Ambrose NG. Early childhood stuttering I: persistency and recovery rates. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1999;42(5):1097-1112. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4205.1097.
4. Kefalianos E, Onslow M, Packman A, et al. The history of stuttering by 7 years of age: follow-up of a prospective community cohort. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2017;60(10):2828-2839. doi:10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0205.
5. Howell P, Davis S. Predicting persistence of and recovery from stuttering by the teenage years based on information gathered at age 8 years. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011;32(3):196-205. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e31820fd4a9.
6. Craig A, Blumgart E, Tran Y. The impact of stuttering on the quality of life in adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2009;34(2):61-71. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.05.002.
7. Kikuchi Y, Kenjo M, Yoshida E, et al. Social anxiety disorder in adolescents who stutter: a risk for school refusal. Pediatr Int. 2023;65(1):e15622.
8. McAllister J, Collier J, Shepstone L. The impact of adolescent stuttering on educational and employment outcomes: evidence from a birth cohort study. J Fluency Disord. 2012;37(2):106-21. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.01.002.
9. Gerlach H, Totty E, Subramanian A, Zebrowski P. Stuttering and labor market outcomes in the United States. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2018;61(7):1649-1663. doi: 10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-17-0353.
10. Riley G. Stuttering severity instrument. 4th ed. Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed. 2009.
11. Ozawa E, Hara Y, Suzuki N, Moriyama H, Ohashi Y, Kensaho K. Standardized test for stuttering. Gakuensha. 2013.
12. Sheehan JG. Stuttering: research and therapy. New York: Harper & Row. 1970.
13. Yaruss JS, Quesal RW. Overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering (OASES): documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. J Fluency Disord. 2006;31(2):90-115. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2006.02.002.
14. Yaruss JS. Assessing quality of life in stuttering treatment outcomes research. J Fluency Disord. 2010;35(3):190-202. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.05.010.
15. Ammons R, Johnson W. Studies in the psychology of stuttering: XVIII. The construction and application of a test of attitude toward stuttering. J Speech Disord. 1944;9:39-49. doi: 10.1044/jshd.0901.39.
16. Andrews G, Cutler J. Stuttering therapy: the relation between changes in symptom level and attitudes. J Speech Hear Disord. 1974;39(3):312-319. doi: 10.1044/jshd.3903.312.
17. Brutten G, Shoemaker D. Speech situation checklist. Carbondale, IL: Speech Clinic. Southern Illinois University. 1974.
18. Crowe TA, Di Lollo A, Crowe BT. Crowe’s protocols: a comprehensive guide to stuttering assessment. San Antonio, Tex.: The Psychological Corporation. 2000.
19. Erickson RL. Assessing communication attitudes among stutterers. J Speech Hear Res. 1969;12(4):711-724. doi: 10.1044/jshr.1204.711.
20. Lanyon RI. The measurement of stuttering severity. J Speech Hear Res. 1967;10(4):836-843. doi:10.1044/jshr.1004.836.
21. Ornstein AF, Manning WH. Self-efficacy scaling by adult stutterers. J Commun Disord. 1985;18(4):313-320. doi: 10.1016/0021-9924(85)90008-5.
22. Riley J, Riley G, Maguire G. Subjective screening of stuttering severity, locus of control and avoidance: research edition. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(1):51-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2003.12.001.
23. Watson JB. A comparison of stutterers’ and nonstutterers’ affective, cognitive, and behavioral self-reports. J Speech Hear Res. 1988;31(3):377-385. doi:10.1044/jshr.3103.377.
24. Woolf G. The assessment of stuttering as struggle, avoidance, and expectancy. Br J Disord Commun. 1967;2(2):158-171. doi:10.3109/13682826709031315.
25. Wright L, Ayre A. The Wright & Ayre Stuttering Self Rating Profile (WASSP). Bicester: Winslow Press. 2000
26. Koedoot C, Versteegh M, Yaruss JS. Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch translation of the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering for adults (OASES-A-D). J Fluency Disord. 2011;36(3):222-230. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.03.002.
27. Bragatto EL, Osborn E, Yaruss JS, Quesal R, Schiefer AM, Chiari BM. Brazilian version of the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering – adults protocol (OASES-A). J Soc Bras Fonoaudiol. 2012;24(2):145-151. doi:10.1590/s2179-64912012000200010.
28. Sakai N, Chu SY, Mori K, Yaruss JS. The Japanese version of the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering for adults (OASES-A-J): translation and psychometric evaluation. J Fluency Disord. 2017;51:50-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.11.002.
29. Freud D, Kichin-Brin M, Ezrati-Vinacour R, Roziner I, Amir O. The relationship between the experience of stuttering and demographic characteristics of adults who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2017;52:53-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.03.008.
30. Lindström E, Nilsson E, Nilsson J, et al. Swedish outcomes of the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering in an international perspective. Logoped Phoniatr Vocol. 2020;45(4):181-189. doi:10.1080/14015439.2019.1695930.
31. Ma Y, Oxley JD, Yaruss JS, Tetnowski JA. Stuttering experience of people in China: a cross-cultural perspective. J Fluency Disord. 2023;77:105994. doi: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105994.
32. Węsierska K, Yaruss JS, Kosacka K, Kowalczyk Ł, Boroń A. The experience of Polish individuals who stutter based on the OASES outcomes. J Fluency Disord. 2023;77:105991. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105991.
33. Mahesh S, Pushpavathi M, Seth D, Saravanan S, Yaruss JS. Adaptation and validation of overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering for adults in Kannada (OASES-A-K). Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2024;76(1):30-38. doi:10.1159/000531048.
34. Blumgart E, Tran Y, Yaruss JS, Craig A. Australian normative data for the overall assessment of the speaker’s experience of stuttering. J Fluency Disord. 2012;37(2):83-90. doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.12.002.
35. Blumgart E, Tran Y, Craig A. Social anxiety disorder in adults who stutter. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(7):687-692. doi: 10.1002/da.20657.
36. Menzies RG, O’Brian S, Onslow M, Packman A, St Clare T, Block S. An experimental clinical trial of a cognitive-behavior therapy package for chronic stuttering. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(6):1451-1464. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/07-0070).
37. Stein MB, Baird A, Walker JR. Social phobia in adults with stuttering. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):278-280. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.2.278.
38. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia and depression: prevalence and comorbidity. J Psychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-243. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.018.
39. Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: a prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(3):251-256. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251.
40. Costa D, Kroll R. Stuttering: an update for physicians. CMAJ. 2000;162(13):1849-1855.
41. Kalinowski J, Saltuklaroglu T. The road to efficient and effective stuttering management: information for physicians. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(4):509-515. doi:10.1185/030079904125003287.
42. Liebowitz MR. Social phobia. Anxiety. Karger Publishers. 1987; 22:141-173.
43. Asakura S, Inoue S, Sasaki F, et al. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Seishin-Igaku (Psychiatry). 2002;44:1077-1084.
44. Fresco DM, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, et al. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychol Med. 2001;31(6):1025-1035. doi:10.1017/s0033291701004056.
45. Heimberg RG, Horner KJ, Juster HR, et al. Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychol Med 1999;29(1):199-212. doi: 10.1017/s0033291798007879.
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