A Review of Normal and Abnormal Sleep Related Movement Disorder during Life Span
Main Article Content
Abstract
The state of normal sleep is characterized by diminished responsiveness to external stimuli and a familiar feeling of delight and refreshment. This feeling is accompanied by muscle relaxation and slowing of brain activity. Nevertheless, body movements are a feature of normal sleep and when those impair sleep quality and consequent daytime function they are defined as abnormal. The introduction of polysomnography during which muscle activity is monitored by electromyography and videotaping enabled sleep researches to precisely assess the characteristics of normal and abnormal movements, to determine their appearance is at specific sleep stages and to define their severity in regard to sleep quality and their impact on daytime function. Indeed, abnormal movements during sleep became an essential part of the symptomatology of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Normal and abnormal movement disorder related to sleep onset, particular sleep stages and during awakening from sleep will be described in some detail. Common and rare forms of sleep related movement disorders in children and adults will be reviewed.
Keywords:
Sleep, Restless Legs, Periodic movements, REM, NREM, Myoclonus, REM behavior
Article Details
How to Cite
GADOTH, Natan.
A Review of Normal and Abnormal Sleep Related Movement Disorder during Life Span.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, aug. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5570>. Date accessed: 04 dec. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i8.5570.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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28. Stefani A, Heidbreder A, Hackner H, Högl B. Validation of a leg movements count and periodic leg movements analysis in a custom polysomnography system. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):42.
29. Leng Y, Blackwell T, Stone KL, Hoang TD, Redline S, Yaffe K. Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep are Associated with Greater Cognitive Decline in Older Men without Dementia. Sleep. 2016; 39(10):1807-1810.
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31. Chou CH, Yin JH, Chen SY, Lin CC, Sung YF, Chung CH, et al. The potential impact of sleep-related movement disorders on stroke risk: a population-based longitudinal study. QJM. 2017; 110(10):649-655.
32. Oksenberg A, Gadoth N. Periodic limb movements and heart rate changes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012 ;8(4):447-449.
33. Haba-Rubio J, Marti-Soler H, Tobback N, Andries D, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, et al. Clinical significance of periodic limb movements during sleep: the HypnoLaus study. Sleep Med. 2018;41:45-50.
34. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, Ilic K, Cash D, Fatima Y, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494.
35. Szentkirályi A, Stefani A, Hackner H, Czira M, Teismann IK, Völzke H, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of periodic limb movement in sleep in two German population-based studies. Sleep. 2019; 42:zsy237.
36. Kirk VG, Bohn S. Periodic limb movements in children: prevalence in a referred population. Sleep. 2004; 27(2):313-315.
37. Picchietti DL, Walters AS. Moderate to severe periodic limb movement disorder in childhood and adolescence. Sleep. 1999;22(3):297-300.
38. Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, O'Brien LM, Gozal D. Periodic limb movement disorder of sleep in children. J Sleep Res. 2003; 12(1):73–81.
39. Fulda S, Miano S. Time to rest a hypothesis? Accumulating evidence that periodic leg movements during sleep are not increased in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Results of a case–control study and a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2023;46(6):1-13.
40. Bara-Jimenez W, Aksu M, Graham B, Sato S, Hallett M. Periodic limb movements in sleep: state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology. 2000 ;25;54(8):1609-1616.
41. Aksu M, Bara-Jimenez W. State dependent excitability changes of spinal flexor reflex in patients with restless legs syndrome secondary to chronic renal failure. Sleep Med. 2002;3(5):427-430.
42. Pockett C, Kirk V. Periodic limb movements in sleep and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Are they related? Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11(6):355-358.
43. Trotti LM. Restless Legs Syndrome and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders. Continuum. (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(4, Sleep Neurology):1005-1016.
44. Hwang SR, Hwang SW, Chen JC, Hwang JH. Association of periodic limb movements during sleep and Parkinson disease: A retrospective clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 ;98(51):e18444.
45. Dodet P, Houot M, Leu-Semenescu S, Corvol JC, Lehéricy S, Mangone G, et al. Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease, an early and multiple problem. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024; 10 (1):46.
46. Leung W, Singh I, McWilliams S, Stockler S, Ipsiroglu OS. Iron deficiency and sleep - A scoping review. Sleep Med Rev. 2020; 51:101274.
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48. Boot BP, Boeve BF, Roberts RO, Ferman TJ, Geda YE, Pankratz VS, et al. Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71(1):49-56.
49. Mahlknecht P, Seppi K, Frauscher B, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Stockner H, et al. Probable RBD and association with neurodegenerative disease markers: A population-based study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(10):1417-1421.
50. Galbiati A, Verga L, Giora E, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L. The risk of neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2019; 43:37-46.
51. Schenck CH, Boeve BF, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):744–748.
52. Iranzo A, Fernandez-Arcos A, Tolosa E, Serradell M, Molinuevo JL, Valldeoriola F, et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(2):e89741.
53. Dauvilliers Y, Schenck CH, Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Luppi PH, Plazzi G, et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 30; 4(1):19.
54. Krohn L, Ruskey JA, Rudakou U, Leveille E, Asayesh F, Hu MTM, GBA variants in REM sleep behavior disorder: A multicenter study. Neurology. 2020 25; 95(8):e1008.
55. Boeve, BF. REM sleep behavior disorder: updated review of the core features, the RBD-Neurodegenerative Disease Association, evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions. Ann NY Acad. Sci 2010: 1184, 15–54.
56. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, Ferman TJ, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 11):2770-2788.
57. Lam N, Veeravigrom M. Sleep- related rhythmic movement disorder in children: a mini- review. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1165130).
58. Klackenberg G. Rhythmic movements in infancy and early childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1971; 224:74.e83.
59. Gogo E, van Sluijs RM, Cheung T, Gaskell C, Jones L, Alwan NA, et al. Objectively Confirmed prevalence of sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder in pre-school children. Sleep Med. 2019: 53:16–21.
60. Chao HT, Chen H, Samaco RC, Xue M, Chahrour M, Yoo J, et al. Dysfunction in GABA signaling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes Nature. 2010; 468 (7321): 263-269.
61. Provini F, Vetrugno R, Meletti S, Plazzi G, Solieri L, Lugaresi E, et al. Propriospinal myoclonus at the sleep-wake transition: a new type of parasomnia. Sleep. 2001; 24:835–843.
62. Guo Q, Yang Y, Lin Y, Li L, Zhan S, Liu A, et al. Paroxysmal dyskinesia on waking: two case reports. Sleep Med. 2016; 25:63-66.
63. Lavie P. The enchanted world of sleep. 1996, Yale University Press, New Haven and London
2. Wilde-Frenz J, Schulz H. Rate and distribution of body movements during sleep in humans. Percept Mot Skills. 1983; 56 (1):275-283.
3. Stefani A, Gabelia D, Mitterling T, Poewe W, Högl B, Frauscher B. A Prospective Video-Polysomnographic Analysis of Movements during Physiological Sleep in 100 Healthy Sleepers. Sleep. 2015;38 (9):1479-1487.
4. Ibrahim A, Ferri R, Cesari M, Frauscher B, Heidbreder A, Bergmann M, et al. Large muscle group movements during sleep in healthy people: normative values and correlation to sleep features. Sleep. 2023;46 (8):zsad129.
5. Fukumoto M, Mochizuki N, Takeishi M, Nomura Y, Segawa M. Studies of body movements during night sleep in infancy. Brain Dev. 1981; 3(1):37-43.
6. Prechl HFR, Nolte R (1984) Motor behaviour of preterm infants. In: Prechtl HFR (ed) Continuity of neural functions from prenatal to postnatal life. Clin Dev Med 94: 79–92. Blackwell, Oxford.
7. Hakamada S, Watanabe K, Hara K, Miyazaki S. Development of the motor behavior during sleep in newborn infants. Brain Dev. 1981; 3(4):345-350.
8. Erkinjuntti M. Body movements during sleep in healthy and neurologically damaged infants. Early Hum Dev. 1988;16(2-3):283-292.
9. Berry RB, Quan SF, Abreu AR, et al. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2020.
10. Lin CC, Chou CH, Fan YM, Yin JH, Chung CH, Chien WC, et al. Increased Risk of Dementia Among Sleep-Related Movement Disorders: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Dec; 94(51):e2331.
11. Allen RP. Restless legs syndrome/Willis Ekbom disease: Evaluation and treatment. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2014; 26 (2):248-262.
12. Ekbom KA. Restless leg. Acta Med Scan 1954; 10:868-873.
13. Hening WA, Walters AS, Wagner M, Rosen R, Chen V, Kim S, et al. Circadian rhythm of motor restlessness and sensory symptoms in the idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 1999 ;22 (7):901-912.
14. Akpinar S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide. Arch Neurol. 1982; 39 (11):739 .
15. Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, Lavigne G, Lapierre O, Lespérance P. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord. 1997;12(1):61-65.
16. Lugaresi, E., Coccagna, G., Berti Ceroni, G., Ambrosetto, C. Restless legs syndrome and nocturnal myoclonus. In H. Gastaut, E. Lugaresi & G. Berti Ceroni (Eds), The Abnormalities of Sleep in Man (pp.285-294).Bologna:Aulo Gaggi Editore. 1968.
17. Koo BB. Restless leg syndrome across the globe. Sleep Med Clin. 2015;10(3):189–205.
18. Didriksen M, Rigas AS, Allen RP, Burchell BJ, Di Angelantonio E, Nielsen MH, et al. Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and associated factors in an otherwise healthy population: results from the Danish Blood Donor Study. Sleep Med. 2017; (36):55–61.
19. Sullivan SS. Current treatment of selected pediatric sleep disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2012; 9(4):791-800.
20. Migueis DP, Lopes MC, Casella E, Soares PV, Soster L. Spruyt K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless leg syndrome across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2023; 69:1-14.
21. Mendes A, Silva V. Possible etiologies of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a narrative review. Sleep Sci. 2022; 15(4):471-479.
22. Rizzo G, Li X, Galantucci S, Filippi M, Cho YW. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2017; 31:39-48.
23. Beliveau V, Stefani A, Birkl C, Kremser C, Gizewski ER, Högl B, et al. Revisiting brain iron deficiency in restless legs syndrome using magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage Clin. 2022; 34:103024.
24. Garcia-Borreguero D, Silber MH, Winkelman JW, Högl B, Bainbridge J, Buchfuhrer M, et al. Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation: a combined task force of the IRLSSG, EURLSSG, and the RLS-foundation. Sleep Med. 2016; 21:1-11.
25. Xiong L, Jang K, Montplaisir J, Levchenko A, Thibodeau P, Gaspar C, et al. Canadian restless legs syndrome twin study. Neurology. 2007; 68(19):1631–1633.
26. Xiong L, Montplaisir J, Desautels A, Barhdadi A, Turecki G, Levchenko A, et al. Family study of restless legs syndrome in Quebec, Canada: clinical characterization of 671 familial cases. Arch Neurol. 2010; 67(5):617–622.
27. Akçimen F, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Progress in the genetics of restless legs syndrome: the path ahead in the era of whole-genome sequencing. Sleep. 2022 11; 45(8):zsac136.
28. Stefani A, Heidbreder A, Hackner H, Högl B. Validation of a leg movements count and periodic leg movements analysis in a custom polysomnography system. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):42.
29. Leng Y, Blackwell T, Stone KL, Hoang TD, Redline S, Yaffe K. Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep are Associated with Greater Cognitive Decline in Older Men without Dementia. Sleep. 2016; 39(10):1807-1810.
30. Tobback E, Desmet O. Analysis of Risk Factors for Periodic Limb Movements in a Large Cohort of Insomnia and Chronic Fatigue Patients. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2020; 53:71-7.
31. Chou CH, Yin JH, Chen SY, Lin CC, Sung YF, Chung CH, et al. The potential impact of sleep-related movement disorders on stroke risk: a population-based longitudinal study. QJM. 2017; 110(10):649-655.
32. Oksenberg A, Gadoth N. Periodic limb movements and heart rate changes. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012 ;8(4):447-449.
33. Haba-Rubio J, Marti-Soler H, Tobback N, Andries D, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, et al. Clinical significance of periodic limb movements during sleep: the HypnoLaus study. Sleep Med. 2018;41:45-50.
34. Drakatos P, Olaithe M, Verma D, Ilic K, Cash D, Fatima Y, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(11):6476-6494.
35. Szentkirályi A, Stefani A, Hackner H, Czira M, Teismann IK, Völzke H, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of periodic limb movement in sleep in two German population-based studies. Sleep. 2019; 42:zsy237.
36. Kirk VG, Bohn S. Periodic limb movements in children: prevalence in a referred population. Sleep. 2004; 27(2):313-315.
37. Picchietti DL, Walters AS. Moderate to severe periodic limb movement disorder in childhood and adolescence. Sleep. 1999;22(3):297-300.
38. Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, O'Brien LM, Gozal D. Periodic limb movement disorder of sleep in children. J Sleep Res. 2003; 12(1):73–81.
39. Fulda S, Miano S. Time to rest a hypothesis? Accumulating evidence that periodic leg movements during sleep are not increased in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Results of a case–control study and a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2023;46(6):1-13.
40. Bara-Jimenez W, Aksu M, Graham B, Sato S, Hallett M. Periodic limb movements in sleep: state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology. 2000 ;25;54(8):1609-1616.
41. Aksu M, Bara-Jimenez W. State dependent excitability changes of spinal flexor reflex in patients with restless legs syndrome secondary to chronic renal failure. Sleep Med. 2002;3(5):427-430.
42. Pockett C, Kirk V. Periodic limb movements in sleep and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Are they related? Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11(6):355-358.
43. Trotti LM. Restless Legs Syndrome and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders. Continuum. (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(4, Sleep Neurology):1005-1016.
44. Hwang SR, Hwang SW, Chen JC, Hwang JH. Association of periodic limb movements during sleep and Parkinson disease: A retrospective clinical study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 ;98(51):e18444.
45. Dodet P, Houot M, Leu-Semenescu S, Corvol JC, Lehéricy S, Mangone G, et al. Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease, an early and multiple problem. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2024; 10 (1):46.
46. Leung W, Singh I, McWilliams S, Stockler S, Ipsiroglu OS. Iron deficiency and sleep - A scoping review. Sleep Med Rev. 2020; 51:101274.
47. Haba-Rubio J, Frauscher B, Marques-Vidal P, Toriel J, Tobback N, Andries D, et al. Prevalence and determinants of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in the general population. Sleep. 2018 1; 41(2):zsx197.
48. Boot BP, Boeve BF, Roberts RO, Ferman TJ, Geda YE, Pankratz VS, et al. Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann Neurol. 2012; 71(1):49-56.
49. Mahlknecht P, Seppi K, Frauscher B, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Stockner H, et al. Probable RBD and association with neurodegenerative disease markers: A population-based study. Mov Disord. 2015;30(10):1417-1421.
50. Galbiati A, Verga L, Giora E, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L. The risk of neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sleep Med Rev. 2019; 43:37-46.
51. Schenck CH, Boeve BF, Mahowald MW. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):744–748.
52. Iranzo A, Fernandez-Arcos A, Tolosa E, Serradell M, Molinuevo JL, Valldeoriola F, et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(2):e89741.
53. Dauvilliers Y, Schenck CH, Postuma RB, Iranzo A, Luppi PH, Plazzi G, et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 30; 4(1):19.
54. Krohn L, Ruskey JA, Rudakou U, Leveille E, Asayesh F, Hu MTM, GBA variants in REM sleep behavior disorder: A multicenter study. Neurology. 2020 25; 95(8):e1008.
55. Boeve, BF. REM sleep behavior disorder: updated review of the core features, the RBD-Neurodegenerative Disease Association, evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions. Ann NY Acad. Sci 2010: 1184, 15–54.
56. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, Ferman TJ, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 11):2770-2788.
57. Lam N, Veeravigrom M. Sleep- related rhythmic movement disorder in children: a mini- review. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1165130).
58. Klackenberg G. Rhythmic movements in infancy and early childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1971; 224:74.e83.
59. Gogo E, van Sluijs RM, Cheung T, Gaskell C, Jones L, Alwan NA, et al. Objectively Confirmed prevalence of sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder in pre-school children. Sleep Med. 2019: 53:16–21.
60. Chao HT, Chen H, Samaco RC, Xue M, Chahrour M, Yoo J, et al. Dysfunction in GABA signaling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes Nature. 2010; 468 (7321): 263-269.
61. Provini F, Vetrugno R, Meletti S, Plazzi G, Solieri L, Lugaresi E, et al. Propriospinal myoclonus at the sleep-wake transition: a new type of parasomnia. Sleep. 2001; 24:835–843.
62. Guo Q, Yang Y, Lin Y, Li L, Zhan S, Liu A, et al. Paroxysmal dyskinesia on waking: two case reports. Sleep Med. 2016; 25:63-66.
63. Lavie P. The enchanted world of sleep. 1996, Yale University Press, New Haven and London