What do you get? Transmission of pneumococcal pneumonia.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a polysaccharide encapsulated bacterium responsible for the majority of cases of community acquired pneumonia. The upper respiratory tract of children becomes colonized with pneumococci early in life, from the first weeks of life up to 18 months. Factors which influence timing of colonization include geographical localization, socio-economic circumstances, and household conditions.
Pneumococcal pneumonia to a degree is a seasonal disease, peaking in the winter months. One of the epidemiological determinants is that viral infections (in particular influenza) predispose for pneumococcal pneumonia. The infectious nature of pneumococcal pneumonia was underscored during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to societal restrictions imposed (face masks, social distancing) the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) dropped, and returned to pre-COVID-19 numbers after lifting of the restrictions.
There are 100 different S. pneumoniae serotypes, based on differences in the capsular polysaccharide. Introduction of protein conjugated polysaccharide vaccines (PCV) has reduced the incidence of IPD in children. Because children are the reservoir for other risk groups, in particular the elderly, introduction of PCV has indirectly also reduced the burden of IPD in latter risk group. The first generation of PCV consisted of the seven most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes. After implementation, replacement colonization of the upper respiratory tract with non-vaccine serotypes was observed and also replacement disease. Upcoming 24-valent PCVs will have a much broader coverage, but whether replacement disease now has been eliminated remains to be seen.
Keywords:
Pneumococcal pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Community-acquired pneumonia, Upper respiratory tract colonization, Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), Pneumococcal vaccines (PCV), Serotype replacement
Article Details
How to Cite
BOOM, Tom et al.
What do you get? Transmission of pneumococcal pneumonia..
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, aug. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5612>. Date accessed: 06 sep. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i8.5612.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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3. Gundel M, Okura. Untersuchungen über das gleichzeitige Vorkommen mehrerer Pneumokokkentypen bei Gesunden und ihre Bedeutung für die Epidemiologie [in German]. Zeitschrift für Hyg und Infekt 1933;114: 678–704.
4. Althouse BM, Hammitt LL, Grant L, et al. Identifying transmission routes of Streptococcus pneumoniae and sources of acquisitions in high transmission communities. Epidemiol Infect. 2017; 145(13):2750-2758. doi:10.1017/S095026881700125X
5. Gray BM, Converse GM 3rd, Dillon HC Jr. Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life. J Infect Dis. 1980;142(6):923-933. doi:10.1093/infdis/142.6.923
6. Leino T, Auranen K, Jokinen J, Leinonen M, Tervonen P, Takala AK. Pneumococcal carriage in children during their first two years: important role of family exposure. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(11) :1022-1027. doi:10.1097/00006454-200111000-00004
7. Syrjänen RK, Kilpi TM, Kaijalainen TH, Herva EE, Takala AK. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finnish children younger than 2 years old. J Infect Dis. 2001;184(4):451-459. doi: 10.1086/322048
8. Labout JA, Duijts L, Arends LR, et al. Factors associated with pneumococcal carriage in healthy Dutch infants: the generation R study. J Pediatr. 2008;153(6):771-776. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.05.061
9. Gratten M, Gratten H, Poli A, Carrad E, Raymer M, Koki G. Colonisation of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of neonates in Papua New Guinea: primary acquisition, duration of carriage, and relationship to carriage in mothers. Biol Neonate. 1986;50(2):114-120. doi:10.1159/000242576
10. Turner P, Turner C, Jankhot A, et al. A longitudinal study of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in a cohort of infants and their mothers on the Thailand-Myanmar border. PLoS One. 2012;7 (5):e38271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038271
11. Coles CL, Kanungo R, Rahmathullah L, et al. Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in young South Indian infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(3):289-295. doi:10.1097/00006454-20010 3000-00014
12. Kwambana BA, Barer MR, Bottomley C, Adegbola RA, Antonio M. Early acquisition and high nasopharyngeal co-colonisation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and three respiratory pathogens amongst Gambian new-borns and infants. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:175. doi:10.1186/ 1471-2334-11-175
13. Hill PC, Cheung YB, Akisanya A, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian infants: a longitudinal study. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(6):807-814. doi:10. 1086/528688
14. Tigoi CC, Gatakaa H, Karani A, et al. Rates of acquisition of pneumococcal colonization and transmission probabilities, by serotype, among newborn infants in Kilifi District, Kenya. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):180-188. doi:10.1093/cid/cis371
15. Dube FS, Ramjith J, Gardner-Lubbe S, et al. Longitudinal characterization of nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in a South African birth cohort post 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):12497. doi:10.1038/s41598-018 -30345-5
16. Otsuka T, Chang B, Shirai T, et al. Individual risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae: a Japanese birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(7):709-714. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31828701ea
17. Koliou MG, Andreou K, Lamnisos D, et al. Risk factors for carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1):144. Published 2018 Apr 26. doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1119-6
18. Weiser JN, Ferreira DM, Paton JC. Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission, colonization and invasion. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018;16(6):355-367. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0001-8
19. Morimura A, Hamaguchi S, Akeda Y, Tomono K. Mechanisms Underlying Pneumococcal Transmission and Factors Influencing Host-Pneumococcus Interaction: A Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:639450. doi:10.3389/fci mb.2021.639450
20. Ganaie F, Saad JS, McGee L, et al. A New Pneumococcal Capsule Type, 10D, is the 100th Serotype and Has a Large cps Fragment from an Oral Streptococcus. mBio. 2020;11(3):e00937-20. doi:10.1128/mBio.00937-20
21. Bogaert D, Sluijter M, Toom NL, et al. Dynamics of pneumococcal colonization in healthy Dutch children. Microbiology (Reading). 2006;152 (Pt 2):377-385. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28394-0
22. Weinberger DM, Dagan R, Givon-Lavi N, Regev-Yochay G, Malley R, Lipsitch M. Epidemiologic evidence for serotype-specific acquired immunity to pneumococcal carriage. J Infect Dis. 2008;19 7(11):1511-1518. doi:10.1086/587941
23. Ozdemir B, Beyazova U, Camurdan AD, Sultan N, Ozkan S, Sahin F. Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy Turkish infants. J Infect. 2008;56(5):332-339. doi:10.1016/ j.jinf.2008.02.010
24. Saha SK, Hossain B, Islam M, et al. Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Bangladeshi Children Before Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35(6):655-661. doi:10.1097/INF.00000 00000001037
25. Sender V, Hentrich K, Henriques-Normark B. Virus-Induced Changes of the Respiratory Tract Environment Promote Secondary Infections With Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:643326. doi:10.3389/fcimb.20 21.643326
26. Rijkers G, Croon S, Nguyen TA. Rocking Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu. Eur Medical J. 2019; 48–54. doi.org/10.33590/emj/10311819
27. Silva MEP, Oliveira JR, Carvalho AG, et al. Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Braz J Biol. 2022;82:e260617. doi:10.1590/1519-6984.260617
28. Chow EJ, Uyeki TM, Chu HY. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on community respiratory virus activity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):195-210. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00807-9
29. Brueggemann AB, Jansen van Rensburg MJ, Shaw D, et al. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data. Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3(6):e360-e370. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(21) 00077-7
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