The Global Crisis of Parkinson’s Disease: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

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Published Aug 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i8.5732

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Main Article Content

Safwaan Rana, BHSc
Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.
Abdul Rehman M. Qureshi, MD Candidate, MSc
Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Zainab Sarfaraz, MBBS
Parkinson Clinic of Eastern Toronto and Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Yafiah Shakir, BSc Candidate
University of Toronto, Faculty of health sciences, Toronto, Canada.
Adnan Al-Sarawi, MBBS
King Fahad Hospital, Damam, Saudi Arabia.
Umar Siddique Muhammad, MD, CCFP, DABFM
Cedarbrae Medical Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Mohamed Asadig Abounaja, MD, CCFP
Ellesmere Health Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Albert Akpalu, MD
Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Greater Accra, Accra, Ghana.

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, encompassing sufferers from all races worldwide. With countries around the world transitioning further along their demographics, many developing poor and middle-income countries are falling behind with the required healthcare, education and resources needed to meet the needs of Parkinson’s disease patients. We reviewed how demographic transition trends are affecting worldwide Parkinson’s disease incidence and prevalence, evaluated the effects of poverty on Parkinson’s disease management, reviewed current global initiatives to support Parkinson’s disease patients, and proposed factors for the prevention of Parkinson’s disease crises in the near future. Parkinson’s disease prevalence is increasing due to old age and higher life expectancy. North Americans have higher Parkinson’s disease prevalence than Asian and African populations. Parkinson’s disease is most prevalent amongst Caucasians in North American and European populations and amongst blacks in African populations. Important Parkinson’s disease risk factors include insecticide and heavy metal exposure, welding, antipsychotic medications, and LRRK2 gene mutations. The association of Parkinson’s disease and poverty showcases lack of knowledge of Parkinson’s disease diagnosis, predominance of care for more pervasive illnesses, limited healthcare facilities, inadequate or no access to care from specialists, and increases in Parkinson’s disease-related illnesses. Cost of care can lock up a significant portion of annual income since health insurance may not cover all expenses. These alarming situations may lead to a global Parkinson’s crisis. Thus, efforts need to be made to increase the number of training programs for educating caregivers, patients and Parkinson’s disease professionals to raise awareness and provide better healthcare and drug and treatment facilities.

Keywords: Epidemiology, Global Crisis, Parkinson’s Disease, Risk Factors

Article Details

How to Cite
RANA, Safwaan et al. The Global Crisis of Parkinson’s Disease: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, aug. 2024. ISSN 2375-1924. Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5732>. Date accessed: 06 sep. 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i8.5732.
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Vol 12 No 8 (2024): Vol 12 No 8 (2024): August ISSUE, Issue 8, VOl.12
Section
Review Articles

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