DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF ACCESSIBILITY TO URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES: A CONTENT VALIDITY STUDY
Main Article Content
Abstract
Backgound - Accessing urban infrastructures, such as educational and leisure facilities, is often a challenge for wheelchair users, blind and deaf people, and older adults with and without assistive devices. Rehabilitation professionals are the ones who assess the built environment to make sure that it is accessible for all kind of disabilities; they are providing professional recommendations if it is not accessible. Occupational therapists and other rehabilitation professionals are also asked to provide accessible recommendations before the construction of urban infrastructure as well. There is a need for a comprehensive measure of the built environment of exterior and interior urban infrastructures to evaluate access for individuals with physical disabilities (motor, visual, hearing), using assistive technologies or not, to foster their social participation and fair access rights. This paper describes the development and content validation of the Measure of accessibility to urban infrastructures for adults with physical disabilities (MAUAP).
Method - This process of developing a measurement tool in health involved three steps: 1) consultation of the scientific and grey literature, 2) content development, and 3) content validation with two panels of experts including a field pretest.
Results - The MAUAP includes seven independent sections: parking lot, pedestrian facilities, building access from the exterior, interior maneuvering areas, infrastructures for learning and leisure, services and public restroom. Items are assessed with the percentage of characteristics present (1 to 16) and an accessibility score (4-level ordinal scale).
Conclusion - The MAUAP allows the identification of precise accessibility recommendations that can be useful for health professionals and other professionals involved in conception and refection, such as architects and city planners.
Article Details
How to Cite
GAMACHE, Stephanie et al.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF ACCESSIBILITY TO URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES: A CONTENT VALIDITY STUDY.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 5, sep. 2016.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/603>. Date accessed: 26 dec. 2024.
Keywords
Evaluation of built environment, assessment of accessibility, wheelchair mobility, inclusive design, public buildings; pedestrian facilities; educational and leisure facilities
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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[31] Fitzpatrick AR. The meaning of content validity. Applied psychological measurement 1983;7(1):3-13.
[32] Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psych 1975;28:563-75.
[33] Gamache S, Vincent C, McFadyen BJ, Routhier F, Beauregard L, Fiset D. [Internet] Measure of accessibility to urban infrastructures for adults with physical disabilities [Mesure de l’accessibilité aux infrastructures urbaines pour les adultes présentant des déficiences physiques]. 2012 - [cited 2016-01-20]. Available from: http://www.cirris.ulaval.ca/sites/default/files/documents/mauap_version_francaise2.pdf and http://www.cirris.ulaval.ca/sites/default/files/documents/mauap_english_version2.pdf
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[35] Stark S, Hollingsworth HH, Morgan KA, Gray DB. Development of a measure of receptivity of the physical environment. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29(2):123-37.
[36] Bennett S, Kirby RL, Macdonald B. Wheelchair accessibility: descriptive survey of curb ramps in an urban area. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2009;4(1):17-23.
[37] Kerr J, Rosenberg DE. [Internet] Walking Route Audit Tool for Seniors [WRATS]. 2009 - [cited 2010-12-15]. Available from: http://activelivingresearch.org/walking-route-audit-tool-seniors-wrats.
[38] Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA] [Internet]. ADA accessibility checklist for existing facilities. 1995 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: www.ada.gov/racheck.pdf.
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[41] Greater Toronto Hotel Association [GTHA] [Internet]. Greater Toronto Hotel Association Hospitality Checklist. 2003 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: http://www.gtha.com/GovernmentRelations/LegislativeUpdates/Accessibility/HospitalityCheckList.aspx.
[42] Arizona State University & Herberger Center for Design Excellence [Internet]. The community survey. Liveable communities: an evaluation guide. 2005 - [cited 2010-11-16]. Available from: http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/d18311_communities.pdf.
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[44] McClain L, Todd C. Food store accessibility. Am J Occup Ther 1990;44(6):487-91.
[45] Measuring up program, 2010 Legacies Now, Accessible Tourism Strategy [Internet]. Non-accommodation checklist. Measuring up: built environment self-assessment guidelines. 2008 - [cited 2010-09-15]. Available from: http://www.sparc.bc.ca/resources-and-publications/doc/465-builtenvironment-self-assessment-guide.pdf.
[46] Research Alliance for Children with Special Needs. Physical Accessibility Measure for Schools (PAMS). (2003) 2010-09-28: Sender's E-Mail: Lisa Klinger.
[47] Research Alliance for Children with Special Needs and the School of Occupational Therapy & the University of Western Ontario. University Campus Accessibility Measure (UCAM). (2010) 2010-09-28: Sender's E-Mail: Lisa Klinger.
[2] Fange A, Iwarsson S, Persson A. Accessibility to the public environment as perceived by teenagers with functional limitations in a south Swedish town centre. Disabil Rehabil 2002;24(6):318-26.
[3] Keysor J, Jette A, Haley S. Development of the Home and Community Environment (HACE) instrument. J Rehabil Med 2005;37(1):37-44.
[4] Kirchner CE, Gerber EG, Smith BC. Designed to deter. Community barriers to physical activity for people with visual or motor impairments. Am J Prev Med 2008;34(4):349-52.
[5] Letts L, Law M, Rigby P, Cooper B, Stewart D, Strong S. Person-environment assessments in occupational therapy. Am J Occup Ther 1994;48(7):608-18.
[6] Malpage J, Shih P-E, Klinger L. Accessibility is the law: a review of environmental assessments to improve access. Occup Ther Now 2009;11.3:11-4.
[7] McClain L. Shopping center wheelchair accessibility: ongoing advocacy to implement the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Public Health Nurs 2000;17(3):178-86.
[8] Ripat JD, Redmond JD, Grabowecky BR. The winter walkability project: occupational therapists' role in promoting citizen engagement. Can J Occup Ther 2010;77(1):7-14.
[9] Stark S, Hollingsworth H, Morgan K, Chang M, Gray DB. The interrater reliability of the Community Health Environment Checklist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89(11):2218-9.
[10] Thapar N, Warner G, Drainoni ML, Williams SR, Ditchfield H, Wierbicky J, et al. A pilot study of functional access to public buildings and facilities for persons with impairments. Disabil Rehabil 2004;26(5):280-9.
[11] Dickinson HO, Colver AF. Measurement of the environment of people with disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010;91(8):1310-1.
[12] Evcil AN. Wheelchair accessibility to public buildings in Istanbul. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2009;4(2):76-85.
[13] Law M. 1991 Muriel Driver lecture. The environment: a focus for occupational therapy. Can J Occup Ther 1991;58(4):171-80.
[14] Losinsky LO, Levi T, Saffey K, Jelsma J. An investigation into the physical accessibility to wheelchair bound students of an Institution of Higher Education in South Africa. Disabil Rehabil 2003;25(7):305-8.
[15] Whiteneck GG, Harrison-Felix CL, Mellick DC, Brooks CA, Charlifue SB, Gerhart KA. Quantifying environmental factors: a measure of physical, attitudinal, service, productivity, and policy barriers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85(8):1324-35.
[16] Gamache S. Development of indicators measuring accessibility of urban infrastructures for adults with physical disabilities [Développement d’indicateurs de mesure de l’accessibilité aux infrastructures urbaines pour les adultes ayant des déficiences physiques] [Internet]. Québec, Canada: Université Laval; 2013. Available from: www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29733/29733.pdf
[17] Pierce LL. Barriers to access: frustrations of people who use a wheelchair for full-time mobility. Rehabil Nurs 1998;23(3):120-5.
[18] Iwarsson S, Stahl A. Accessibility, usability and universal design-positioning and definition of concepts describing person-environment relationships. Disabil Rehabil 2003;25(2):57-66.
[19] McClain L, Beringer D, Kuhnert H, Priest J, Wilkes E, Wilkinson S, et al. Restaurant wheelchair accessibility. Am J Occup Ther 1993;47(7):619-23.
[20] Quebec City Town Planning Department [Service de l’aménagement du territoire de la Ville de Québec] [Internet]. Practical guide to universal accessibility [Guide pratique d’accessibilité universelle]. 2010 - [cited 2011/01/24]. Available from: http://www.irdpq.qc.ca/nos-services/accessibilite-universelle/guide-pratique-daccessibilite-universelle.
[21] Canadian Heritage Parks Canada. Design guidelines for accessible outdoor recreation facilities. 1994: Minister of Supply and Services Canada: University of Manitoba Libraries.
[22] Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes [Commission canadienne des codes du bâtiment et de prévention des incendies] [Internet]. National Building Code of Canada [Code national du bâtiment du Canada]. Ottawa, Canada. 2010 - [cited 2016/01/20]. Available from: http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/solutions/consultatifs/centre_codes_index.html.
[23] Canadian Human Rights Commission [Commission canadienne des droits de la personne] [Internet]. International best practices in universal design: A global review [Pratiques exemplaires de conception universelle à l’échelle internationale : examen général]. 2007 - [cited 2011/05/06]. Available from: http://www.chrc-ccdp.gc.ca/sites/default/files/bestpractices_fr.pdf.
[24] Ministry of Health and Social Services [Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux] [Internet]. Mobility aids program [Programme sur les aides à la mobilité : Triporteur et quadriporteur]. 2010 - [cited 2011/08/05]. Available from: www.msss.gouv.qc.ca.
[25] Régie du bâtiment du Québec [Internet]. Québec Construction Code [Code de construction]. 2011 - [cited 2011/03/10]. Available from: https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/lois-reglements-et-codes/code-de-construction-et-code-de-securite.html.
[26] Régie du bâtiment du Québec [Internet]. Québec Construction Code: Obstacle-free design standards [Code de construction du Québec : Normes de conception sans obstacles]. 2010 - [cited 2011/03/10]. Available from: https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/medias/pdf/Publications/francais/ConceptionSansObstacles.pdf.
[27] Régie du bâtiment du Québec [Internet]. Québec Construction Code - Chapter 1, Building, and National Building Code of Canada 2005 (amended) [Code de construction du Québec – Chapitre 1 : Bâtiment et Code national du bâtiment (modifié)]. 2005 - [cited 2011/04/05]. Available from: https://www.rbq.gouv.qc.ca/lois-reglements-et-codes/code-de-construction-et-code-de-securite.html.
[28] Transports Québec [Internet]. Québec Ministry of Transport Road construction standards [Normes de la construction routière MTQ – Normes]. 2007 - [cited 2011/10/05]. Available from: http://www3.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/produits/ouvrage_routier/normes/norme7.en.html.
[29] Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health; 2000.
[30] Sireci SG. Gathering and analyzing content validity data. Educ Assess 1998;5:299-321.
[31] Fitzpatrick AR. The meaning of content validity. Applied psychological measurement 1983;7(1):3-13.
[32] Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psych 1975;28:563-75.
[33] Gamache S, Vincent C, McFadyen BJ, Routhier F, Beauregard L, Fiset D. [Internet] Measure of accessibility to urban infrastructures for adults with physical disabilities [Mesure de l’accessibilité aux infrastructures urbaines pour les adultes présentant des déficiences physiques]. 2012 - [cited 2016-01-20]. Available from: http://www.cirris.ulaval.ca/sites/default/files/documents/mauap_version_francaise2.pdf and http://www.cirris.ulaval.ca/sites/default/files/documents/mauap_english_version2.pdf
[34] Engel RJ, Schutt RK. The practice of research in social work - Chapter 3: conceptualization and measurement. Los Angeles: Sage Publications; 2008.
[35] Stark S, Hollingsworth HH, Morgan KA, Gray DB. Development of a measure of receptivity of the physical environment. Disabil Rehabil 2007;29(2):123-37.
[36] Bennett S, Kirby RL, Macdonald B. Wheelchair accessibility: descriptive survey of curb ramps in an urban area. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2009;4(1):17-23.
[37] Kerr J, Rosenberg DE. [Internet] Walking Route Audit Tool for Seniors [WRATS]. 2009 - [cited 2010-12-15]. Available from: http://activelivingresearch.org/walking-route-audit-tool-seniors-wrats.
[38] Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA] [Internet]. ADA accessibility checklist for existing facilities. 1995 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: www.ada.gov/racheck.pdf.
[39] Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA] [Internet]. ADA checklist for new lodging facilities. 2001 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: www.ada.gov/hsurvey.htm#anchor96917.
[40] Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA] [Internet]. ADA checklist for polling places. 2004 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: www.ada.gov/votingck.htm.
[41] Greater Toronto Hotel Association [GTHA] [Internet]. Greater Toronto Hotel Association Hospitality Checklist. 2003 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: http://www.gtha.com/GovernmentRelations/LegislativeUpdates/Accessibility/HospitalityCheckList.aspx.
[42] Arizona State University & Herberger Center for Design Excellence [Internet]. The community survey. Liveable communities: an evaluation guide. 2005 - [cited 2010-11-16]. Available from: http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/il/d18311_communities.pdf.
[43] Don MacDowall of Bass International Consulting for People Outdoors [Internet]. Accessibility checklist – a self-assessment tool. 2004 - [cited 2010-09-28]. Available from: http://www.qualitymall.org/products/prod1.asp?prodid=30481.
[44] McClain L, Todd C. Food store accessibility. Am J Occup Ther 1990;44(6):487-91.
[45] Measuring up program, 2010 Legacies Now, Accessible Tourism Strategy [Internet]. Non-accommodation checklist. Measuring up: built environment self-assessment guidelines. 2008 - [cited 2010-09-15]. Available from: http://www.sparc.bc.ca/resources-and-publications/doc/465-builtenvironment-self-assessment-guide.pdf.
[46] Research Alliance for Children with Special Needs. Physical Accessibility Measure for Schools (PAMS). (2003) 2010-09-28: Sender's E-Mail: Lisa Klinger.
[47] Research Alliance for Children with Special Needs and the School of Occupational Therapy & the University of Western Ontario. University Campus Accessibility Measure (UCAM). (2010) 2010-09-28: Sender's E-Mail: Lisa Klinger.