Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with diverse clinical presentations, ranging from mild to severe, life-threatening organ involvement. Advances in understanding its multifaceted etiology—encompassing genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, and environmental factors—have shed light on key immunological pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. The roles of innate and adaptive immune responses, including dysregulated B and T cells, cytokines, and chemokines, have been elucidated, with interferon signaling emerging as a critical player. The introduction of novel therapeutic strategies, including monoclonal antibodies, Chimer Antigen Receptor T-cell therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, reflects the evolving landscape of lupus management. Precision medicine and immunometabolism research offer promising avenues for tailoring treatment plans to individual patients, improving outcomes, and minimizing adverse effects. Despite significant progress, further studies are essential to refine therapeutic approaches, enhance disease remission rates, and explore potential curative solutions.