Recreational Drugs Addiction, Withdrawal and its Impact on the body: A Literature Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
The use of drugs for recreational purposes has changed dramatically, involving a variety of substances such as opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabinoids. Although these substances are often initially used for recreational purposes, their psychoactive properties can contribute to the development of addiction, withdrawal syndromes, and significant physical and mental health complications. The mechanisms behind addiction, symptoms of withdrawal, and the pathophysiology of frequently abused recreational drugs are all examined in this literature review. Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system is associated with cannabinoid addiction, which can result in physical dependence, mental health issues, and cognitive impairment. A public health emergency has been exacerbated by opioid abuse, and withdrawal is marked by intense psychological and autonomic symptoms. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and Phencyclidine (PCP) are examples of hallucinogens that change neurotransmission and can cause neurotoxicity, long-lasting perceptual abnormalities, and mental illnesses. Long-term recovery is still difficult to achieve, despite the promise of pharmacological treatments like opioid agonists and cannabinoid receptor modulators. To lessen the worldwide burden of recreational drug abuse, comprehensive treatment approaches that include pharmacotherapy, psychosocial interventions, and harm reduction techniques are essential.
Keywords:
recreational drugs, withdrawal, addiction, opioids, psychedelics, hallucinogens, cannabinoids, endocannabinoid system, LSD, MDMA, PCP, Ketamine, DMX, dextromethorphan, club drugs, serotonin, glutamate, hyperalgesia, opioids receptor, opioid use disorder
Article Details
How to Cite
ZAMAN, Mustafa Abrar et al.
Recreational Drugs Addiction, Withdrawal and its Impact on the body: A Literature Review.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6295>. Date accessed: 09 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i3.6295.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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34. Se N, Jk W, Ra L. Opioids and Chronic Pain: An Analytic Review of the Clinical Evidence. PubMed. Published online 2021. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35295493/
35. Maia LO, Daldegan-Bueno D, Fischer B. Opioid use, regulation, and harms in Brazil: a comprehensive narrative overview of available data and indicators. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):12. doi:10.1186/s13011-021-00348-z
36. Shulman M, Wai JM, Nunes EV. Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: An Overview. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(6):567-580. doi:10.1007/s40263-019-00637-z
37. A dual-receptor model of serotonergic psychedelics: therapeutic insights from simulated cortical dynamics | bioRxiv. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589282v1
38. 3-Methoxy-Phencyclidine Induced Psychotic Disorder: A Literature Review and an 18F-FDG PET/CT Case Report. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/4/452
39. Nawaz S, Althwanay AM, B EMAMC, et al. Therapeutics Uses of Psychedelics in patients with psychiatric disorders A Systematic Review. J Int Med Grad. 2024;1(1). doi:10.56570/jimgs.v1i1.155
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41. Shafique H, Demers JC, Biesiada J, et al. (R)-(-)-Ketamine: The Promise of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(12):6804. doi:10.3390/ijms25126804
42. Frontiers | Editorial: Perspectives on new fast-acting antidepressants. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1430990/full
43. Sedway JA, Opler MGA, Citrome L. Antidepressant medications have evolved in terms of speed of onset of efficacy: How can we best measure antidepressant treatment response? Curr Med Res Opin. 2024;40(4):701-703. doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2323638
44. Liechti ME. Modern Clinical Research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(11):2114-2127. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.86
45. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/8/3/47
46. Sabé M, Sulstarova A, Glangetas A, et al. Reconsidering evidence for psychedelic-induced psychosis: an overview of reviews, a systematic review, and meta-analysis of human studies. Mol Psychiatry. Published online November 27, 2024:1-33. doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02800-5
47. Disorders due to Substance Use: Hallucinogens and MDMA-Related Substances | SpringerLink. Accessed January 27, 2025. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_94-1
48. Costa G, Gołembiowska K. Neurotoxicity of MDMA: Main effects and mechanisms. Exp Neurol. 2022;347:113894. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113894
49. Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected - Lodge - 2015 - British Journal of Pharmacology - Wiley Online Library. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13222
50. Spangler DC, Loyd CM, Skor EE. Dextromethorphan: a case study on addressing abuse of a safe and effective drug. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2016;11(1):22. doi:10.1186/s13011-016-0067-0
51. PCP and Ketamine Toxicity Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Consultations, Long-Term Monitoring. Published online January 30, 2024. Accessed January 28, 2025. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1010821-treatment
52. LSD Toxicity Medication: Benzodiazepines, Antihypertensives. Accessed January 26, 2025. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1011615-medication?form=login&anfErr=true&anfErrHint=true&client=205502&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvMTAxMTYxNS1tZWRpY2F0aW9uIzM_Zm9ybT1mcGYmc2NvZGU9bXNwJnN0PWZwZiZzb2NpYWxTaXRlPWZhY2Vib29r®=1