Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review and Re-evaluation of Vaccination Risks
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) remains a leading cause of infant mortality. Medical science’s failure to elucidate its cause is opprobrious. SIDS shares many epidemiological traits with infectious diseases. Autopsy findings show very consistent findings in ~90% of cases, and immunological investigations consistently reveal underlying activation of inflammatory pathways. Surprisingly, most mainstream researchers have largely ignored these key findings. The “Triple Risk Hypothesis” remains the mainstay for mainstream researchers. The hypothesis encompasses three main ideas: 1) a vulnerable infant, 2) a critical development period and 3) an exogenous stressor which combine lethally. Stressors include prone sleeping, smoke exposure, and overheating. Infections, though often overlooked, can trigger deadly immune responses. The COVID-19 pandemic and the use of parenterally administered SARS-Cov-2 vaccines provided an example of a lethal immunopathogenicity in elderly comorbid patients. During the pandemic, we reviewed papers on the impact of injected vaccines on infant mortality. The papers analysed vaccine adverse event reporting systems (VAERS) to conclude a possible causal relationship existed. It is of particular note that approximately 50% of cases in the VAERS dataset have been diagnosed as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). VAERS are known to capture a small minority of vaccine associated adverse events (estimated to be ~1%). Studies indicate that vaccination is preventative, but control groups often have more SIDS risk factors. The findings from the VAERS are of significant concern to the scientific, medical, public, and governmental communities. This review provides a scientific analysis of this apparent problem and proposes a case for vaccines that provide IgA-based mucosal immunity to replace (where appropriate) the potentially harmful parenterally administered vaccines currently in use. In addition to recommending the use of new safe vaccines, we highlight the role of breastfeeding in the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Keywords:
Sudden infant death syndrome, vaccination, immunisation, adjuvants, breastfeeding
Article Details
How to Cite
GOLDWATER, Paul Nathan; GORCZYNSKI, Reginald M.; STEELE, Edward J..
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review and Re-evaluation of Vaccination Risks.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 3, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6349>. Date accessed: 06 apr. 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v3i3.6349.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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12. Hanssen TA, Jørgensen L.: Obstruction of the Lung Capillaries by Blood Platelet Aggregates and Leucocytes in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. APMIS : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2010;118: 958-967. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02651.x
13. Sayers NM, Drucker DB, Hutchinson IV, Barson AJ.: Preliminary investigation of lethally toxic sera of sudden infant death syndrome victims and neutralization by commercially available immunoglobulins and adult sera. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;5:193 - 198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01343.x
14. Malam JE, Carrick GF, Telford DR, Morris JA.: Staphylococcal Toxins and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. J Clin Pathol. 1992;45:716 - 721. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.45.8.716
15. Highet AR, Goldwater PN. :Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes are common in Staphylococcus aureus intestinal flora in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and live comparison infants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;57:151-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00592.x
16. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Wang YG.: Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome associated with the prone position. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:377-382. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM19930805329060
17. Helweg-Larsen K, Lundemose JB, Oyen N.: et al. Interactions of infectious symptoms and modifiable risk factors in sudden infant death syndrome. The Nordic Epidemiological SIDS study. Acta Pediatrica. 1999;88: 521- 527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb00168.x
18. Steele EJ, Lindley RA.: Analysis of APOBEC and ADAR Deaminase-Driven Riboswitch Haplotypes in COVID-19 RNA Strain Variants and the Implications for Vaccine Design. In Understanding the Origin and Global Spread of COVID-19 (Wickramasinghe, Gorczynski, R.M & Steele, E.J., eds) p.111 – 143 (World Scientific Publishing Co. Pty Ltd, Singapore, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811259081_0005
19. Gorczynski RM, Lindley RA, Steele EJ, Wickramasinghe NC.: Nature of Acquired Immune Responses, Epitope Specificity and Resultant Protection from SARS-CoV-2. J. Pers. Med. 2021;11(12): 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11121253
20. Fauci AS, Lane HC, Redfield RR.: COVID-19 – Navigating the Uncharted. New Engl J Med 2020;382:1268-1269. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2002387
21. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS.: Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses. Cell Host & Microbe. 2023;31:146-157. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.016
22. Subramanian SV, Kumar A.: Increases in COVID-19 are unrelated to levels of vaccination across 68 countries and 2947 counties in the United States. Eur J Epidemiol 2021;36:1237-1240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-021-00808-7
23. Klein NP.: Added Benefit of COVID-19 Vaccination after Previous Infection N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1278-1279. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2201380
24. Muttappallymyalil J, Nair SC, Changerath R, et al.: Vaccination Rate and Incidence of COVID-19 and Case Fatality Rate (CFR): A Correlational Study Using Data From 2019 to 2021. Cureus. 2022;14: e28210. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28210
25. Pisanic N, Antar AAAR, Hetrich MK, et al.: Early, robust mucosal secretory IgA but not IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 spike in oral fluid is associated with faster viral clearance and COVID-19 symptom resolution. J Infect Dis. 2024; jiae447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.21.24303146
26. Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM, Mølbak K, Ethelberg S.: Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: A population-level observational study. Lancet 2021;397:1204-1212. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00575-4
27. Díaz-Menéndez M, de la Calle-Prieto F, Montejano R. et al.: Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Hospitalized Elderly Patients With COVID- 19 After Vaccine Failure. Vaccine. 2022;40:4307-4311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.003
28. Matsumura Y, Yamamoto M, Shinohara K, et al. et al. High Mortality and Morbidity Among Vaccinated Residents Infected With the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant During an Outbreak in a Nursing Home in Kyoto City, Japan. Am J Infect Control 2023;51:800-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2022.09.007
29. Schoggins JW, Rice CM.: Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions. Curr Opin Virol. 2011;1:519-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.008
30. Schneider WM, Chevillotte MD, Rice CM.: Interferon-stimulated genes: A complex web of host defenses. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;232:513-545. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120231
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