Abstract
Anemia resulting from iron deficiency is recognized as one of the most prevalent forms of malnutrition on a global scale. Iron is an essential metal that plays a key role in various biological processes, including the formation of hemoglobin, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and mitochondrial respiration. However, mounting evidence indicates that excess iron in the body can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been demonstrated to inflict harm on cells, tissues, and organs, resulting in deleterious effects. Consequently, merely augmenting iron intake does not invariably result in enhanced well-being. Therefore, it is imperative to maintain iron concentrations within a precise physiological range. In recent years, the relationship between hepcidin, which regulates iron content in the body, and inflammation, particularly the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, has become the focus of significant research. However, a significant proportion of athletes manifest symptoms consistent with chronic inflammation rather than episodic inflammation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in athletes and identifies research directions that may lead to new therapeutic possibilities.