Influence of cervical and middle preparation on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Logic 25.06 rotary instruments: Replica study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cervical and middle preparation on resistance to dynamic cyclic fatigue during instrumentation of mandibular molar replicas with Logic 25/.06 instruments.
Materials and Methods: Forty mandibular molar replicas were printed with 16 µm resolution from a tooth file scanned by microcomputed tomography. For the fatigue test, 40 new Logic 25/.06 nickel-titanium instruments (Bassi Endo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were used for mechanical preparation of the mesiobuccal canal and subjected to the dynamic cyclic fatigue test in an artificial curved metal canal with a bending angle of 45º and a bending radius of 6.6 mm. During the dynamic cyclic fatigue test, the time to fracture of the file was recorded and the number of cycles to fracture was calculated. The surfaces of the fragments were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy to verify the length of the fragment and the type of fracture that occurred. Data on time to fracture, number of cycles to fracture, and length of the fractured fragment were collected and statistically analyzed using the t-test or Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5%.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups with or without preparation of the cervical and middle third in relation to time to fracture (p = 0.561), number of cycles to fracture (p = 0.508), and length of the fractured fragment (p = 0.417).
Conclusion: Preparation of the cervical and middle thirds did not increase the resistance to fracture due to cyclic fatigue of the instruments tested.
Keywords:
Cyclic fatigue, Instrumentation, Root canal preparation
Article Details
How to Cite
BUENO, Luana V. R. et al.
Influence of cervical and middle preparation on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Logic 25.06 rotary instruments: Replica study.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 12, dec. 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/7115>. Date accessed: 02 jan. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i12.7115.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
1. Santosh SS, Ballal S, Natanasabapathy V. Influence of Minimally Invasive Access Cavity Designs on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Mandibular Molars Subjected to Thermocycling and Dynamic Loading. J Endod. 2021;47(9):1496-1500. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.06.020
2. Perez R, Neves AA, Belladonna FG, Silva EJNL, Souza EM, Fidel S, et al. Impact of needle insertion depth on the removal of hard-tissue debris. Int Endod J. 2017;50(6):560-568.
doi:10.1111/iej.12648
3. Narasimhan B, Vinothkumar TS, Praveen R, Setzer FC, Nagendrababu V. A Modified Partial Platform Technique to Retrieve Instrument Fragments from Curved and Narrow Canals: A Report of 2 Cases. J Endod. 2021;47(10):1657-1663. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.07.009
4. Setzer FC, Böhme CP. Influence of combined cyclic fatigue and torsional stress on the fracture point of nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(1):133-137.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.001
5. da Frota MF, Espir CG, Berbert FLCVC V, Marques AAFF, Sponchiado-Junior EC, Tanomaru-Filho M, et al. Comparison of cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance in reciprocating single-file systems and continuous rotary instrumentation systems. J Oral Sci. 2014;56(4):269-275. doi:10.2334/josnusd.56.269
6. Klymus ME, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, Só MVR, de Vasconselos BC, Duarte MAH. Effect of temperature on the cyclic fatigue resistance of thermally treated reciprocating instruments. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(7):3047-3052.
doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2718-1
7. da Silva Limoeiro AG, Dos Santos AHB, De Martin AS, Kato AS, Fontana CE, Gavini G, et al. Micro-Computed Tomographic Evaluation of 2 Nickel-Titanium Instrument Systems in Shaping Root Canals. J Endod. 2016;42(3):496-499. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.007
8. Rodrigues CT, Duarte MAH, de Almeida MM, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N. Efficacy of CM-Wire, M-Wire, and Nickel-Titanium Instruments for Removing Filling Material from Curved Root Canals: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study. J Endod. 2016;42(11):1651-1655. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.012
9. Pinheiro SR, Alcalde MP, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bramante CM, Vivan RR, Duarte MAHH, et al. Evaluation of apical transportation and centring ability of five thermally treated NiTi rotary systems. Int Endod J. 2018;51(6):705-713.
doi:10.1111/iej.12881
10. ] Ehrhardt IC, Zuolo ML, Cunha RS, De Martin AS, Kherlakian D, De Carvalho MCC, et al. Assessment of the separation incidence of mtwo files used with preflaring: prospective clinical study. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1078-1081.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.05.001
11. Bahia MGA, Melo MCC, Buono VTL. Influence of simulated clinical use on the torsional behavior of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(5):675-680. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.019
12. Alcalde MP, Tanomaru-Filho M, Bramante CM, Duarte MAH, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Camilo-Pinto J, et al. Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue Resistance of Reciprocating Single Files Manufactured by Different Nickel-titanium Alloys. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1186-1191.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.008
13. de Menezes SEAC, Batista SM, Lira JOP, de Melo Monteiro GQ. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of WaveOne Gold, ProDesign R and ProDesign Logic Files in Curved Canals In Vitro. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(4):468-473. doi:10.22037/iej.v12i4.17494
14. Stringheta CP, Pelegrine RA, Kato AS, Freire LG, Iglecias EF, Gavini G, et al. Micro-computed Tomography versus the Cross-sectioning Method to Evaluate Dentin Defects Induced by Different Mechanized Instrumentation Techniques. J Endod. 2017;43(12):2102-2107. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.015
15. Macedo FPG, Soares A de J, Marceliano-Alves MFV, Martinez E, Lopes R, Bastos LF, et al. The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study. Int Endod J. 2024;57(6):700-712. doi:10.1111/iej.14052
16. Al-Nasrawi SJH, Ayad Jaber Z, Talib Al-Quraine N, Imhemed Aljdaimi A, Jabbar Abdul-Zahra Al-Hmedat S, Zidan S, et al. Impact of Peracetic Acid on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue of Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instrument. Int J Dent. 2021;2021:6676005.
doi:10.1155/2021/6676005
17. Marim AZ, Bueno CE da S, Stringheta CP, Pelegrine RA, De Martin AS, Rocha DGP, et al. In vitro study of structural and chemical changes in two reciprocating files after multiple reuses and sterilisation. Australian Endodontic Journal. 2024;(November 2023):1-11.
doi:10.1111/aej.12861
18. Moraes RDR, Santos TMP Dos, Marceliano-Alves MF, Pintor AVB, Lopes RT, Primo LG, et al. Reciprocating instrumentation in a maxillary primary central incisor: A protocol tested in a 3D printed prototype. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019;29(1):50-57. doi:10.1111/ipd.12429
19. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Rios-Osorio N, Usme D, Jimenez C, Pinzon A, Rincón J, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of the root canal preparation with Reciproc Blue®, WaveOne Gold® and XP EndoShaper®: a new method in vivo. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):88. doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01450-1
20. Ordinola-Zapata R, Crepps JT, Arias A, Lin F. In vitro apical pressure created by 2 irrigation needles and a multisonic system in mandibular molars. Restor Dent Endod. 2021;46(1):e14.
doi:10.5395/rde.2021.46.e14
21. Tanomaru AA, Limoeiro AG, de Jesus Soares A, Junior ELM, Campos GR, Hamasaki SK, et al. Influence of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of XP Endo Shaper Instruments. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(3):580-584. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1735934
22. Kwak SW, Ha JHH, Shen Y, Haapasalo M, Kim HCC. Comparison of the effects from coronal pre-flaring and glide-path preparation on torque generation during root canal shaping procedure. Aust Endod J. 2022;48(1):131-137.
doi:10.1111/aej.12548
23. La Rosa GRM, Shumakova V, Isola G, Indelicato F, Bugea C, Pedullà E. Evaluation of the cyclic fatigue of two single files at body and room temperature with different radii of curvature. Materials. 2021;14(9):2-9.
doi:10.3390/ma14092256
24. Huang X, Shen Y, Wei X, Haapasalo M. Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-titanium Instruments Exposed to High-concentration Hypochlorite. J Endod. 2017;43(11):1847-1851. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.033
25. Nogueira D, Bueno CEDS, Kato AS, Martin AS De, Pelegrine RA, Limoeiro AGDS, et al. Effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite on the cyclic fatigue resistance of three rotary instruments. J Conserv Dent. 2020;23(6):554-557.
doi:10.4103/JCD.JCD_117_19
26. Pedullà E, Grande NM, Plotino G, Pappalardo A, Rapisarda E. Cyclic fatigue resistance of three different nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2011;37(8):1139-1142. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.04.008
27. Mandel E, Adib-Yazdi M, Benhamou LM, Lachkar T, Mesgouez C, Sobel M. Rotary Ni-Ti profile systems for preparing curved canals in resin blocks: influence of operator on instrument breakage. Int Endod J. 1999;32(6):436-443. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00239.x
28. Basturk FB, Özyürek T, Uslu G, Gündoğar M. Mechanical Properties of the New Generation RACE EVO and R-Motion Nickel-Titanium Instruments. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(9). doi:10.3390/ma15093330
29. Bürklein S, Maßmann P, Schäfer E, Donnermeyer D. Cyclic Fatigue of Different Reciprocating Endodontic Instruments Using Matching Artificial Root Canals at Body Temperature In Vitro. Materials. 2024;17(4). doi:10.3390/ma17040827
30. Maniglia-Ferreira C, de Almeida Gomes F, Ximenes T, Neto MAT, Arruda TE, Ribamar GG, et al. Influence of reuse and cervical preflaring on the fracture strength of reciprocating instruments. Eur J Dent. 2017;11(1):41-47.
doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_272_16
31. Ounsi HF, Salameh Z, Al-Shalan T, Ferrari M, Grandini S, Pashley DH, et al. Effect of clinical use on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2007;33(6):737-741. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.03.006
2. Perez R, Neves AA, Belladonna FG, Silva EJNL, Souza EM, Fidel S, et al. Impact of needle insertion depth on the removal of hard-tissue debris. Int Endod J. 2017;50(6):560-568.
doi:10.1111/iej.12648
3. Narasimhan B, Vinothkumar TS, Praveen R, Setzer FC, Nagendrababu V. A Modified Partial Platform Technique to Retrieve Instrument Fragments from Curved and Narrow Canals: A Report of 2 Cases. J Endod. 2021;47(10):1657-1663. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2021.07.009
4. Setzer FC, Böhme CP. Influence of combined cyclic fatigue and torsional stress on the fracture point of nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2013;39(1):133-137.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.10.001
5. da Frota MF, Espir CG, Berbert FLCVC V, Marques AAFF, Sponchiado-Junior EC, Tanomaru-Filho M, et al. Comparison of cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance in reciprocating single-file systems and continuous rotary instrumentation systems. J Oral Sci. 2014;56(4):269-275. doi:10.2334/josnusd.56.269
6. Klymus ME, Alcalde MP, Vivan RR, Só MVR, de Vasconselos BC, Duarte MAH. Effect of temperature on the cyclic fatigue resistance of thermally treated reciprocating instruments. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(7):3047-3052.
doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2718-1
7. da Silva Limoeiro AG, Dos Santos AHB, De Martin AS, Kato AS, Fontana CE, Gavini G, et al. Micro-Computed Tomographic Evaluation of 2 Nickel-Titanium Instrument Systems in Shaping Root Canals. J Endod. 2016;42(3):496-499. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2015.12.007
8. Rodrigues CT, Duarte MAH, de Almeida MM, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N. Efficacy of CM-Wire, M-Wire, and Nickel-Titanium Instruments for Removing Filling Material from Curved Root Canals: A Micro-Computed Tomography Study. J Endod. 2016;42(11):1651-1655. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2016.08.012
9. Pinheiro SR, Alcalde MP, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bramante CM, Vivan RR, Duarte MAHH, et al. Evaluation of apical transportation and centring ability of five thermally treated NiTi rotary systems. Int Endod J. 2018;51(6):705-713.
doi:10.1111/iej.12881
10. ] Ehrhardt IC, Zuolo ML, Cunha RS, De Martin AS, Kherlakian D, De Carvalho MCC, et al. Assessment of the separation incidence of mtwo files used with preflaring: prospective clinical study. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1078-1081.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.05.001
11. Bahia MGA, Melo MCC, Buono VTL. Influence of simulated clinical use on the torsional behavior of nickel-titanium rotary endodontic instruments. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(5):675-680. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.04.019
12. Alcalde MP, Tanomaru-Filho M, Bramante CM, Duarte MAH, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Camilo-Pinto J, et al. Cyclic and Torsional Fatigue Resistance of Reciprocating Single Files Manufactured by Different Nickel-titanium Alloys. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1186-1191.
doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.008
13. de Menezes SEAC, Batista SM, Lira JOP, de Melo Monteiro GQ. Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of WaveOne Gold, ProDesign R and ProDesign Logic Files in Curved Canals In Vitro. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(4):468-473. doi:10.22037/iej.v12i4.17494
14. Stringheta CP, Pelegrine RA, Kato AS, Freire LG, Iglecias EF, Gavini G, et al. Micro-computed Tomography versus the Cross-sectioning Method to Evaluate Dentin Defects Induced by Different Mechanized Instrumentation Techniques. J Endod. 2017;43(12):2102-2107. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.07.015
15. Macedo FPG, Soares A de J, Marceliano-Alves MFV, Martinez E, Lopes R, Bastos LF, et al. The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study. Int Endod J. 2024;57(6):700-712. doi:10.1111/iej.14052
16. Al-Nasrawi SJH, Ayad Jaber Z, Talib Al-Quraine N, Imhemed Aljdaimi A, Jabbar Abdul-Zahra Al-Hmedat S, Zidan S, et al. Impact of Peracetic Acid on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue of Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Endodontic Instrument. Int J Dent. 2021;2021:6676005.
doi:10.1155/2021/6676005
17. Marim AZ, Bueno CE da S, Stringheta CP, Pelegrine RA, De Martin AS, Rocha DGP, et al. In vitro study of structural and chemical changes in two reciprocating files after multiple reuses and sterilisation. Australian Endodontic Journal. 2024;(November 2023):1-11.
doi:10.1111/aej.12861
18. Moraes RDR, Santos TMP Dos, Marceliano-Alves MF, Pintor AVB, Lopes RT, Primo LG, et al. Reciprocating instrumentation in a maxillary primary central incisor: A protocol tested in a 3D printed prototype. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019;29(1):50-57. doi:10.1111/ipd.12429
19. Caviedes-Bucheli J, Rios-Osorio N, Usme D, Jimenez C, Pinzon A, Rincón J, et al. Three-dimensional analysis of the root canal preparation with Reciproc Blue®, WaveOne Gold® and XP EndoShaper®: a new method in vivo. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):88. doi:10.1186/s12903-021-01450-1
20. Ordinola-Zapata R, Crepps JT, Arias A, Lin F. In vitro apical pressure created by 2 irrigation needles and a multisonic system in mandibular molars. Restor Dent Endod. 2021;46(1):e14.
doi:10.5395/rde.2021.46.e14
21. Tanomaru AA, Limoeiro AG, de Jesus Soares A, Junior ELM, Campos GR, Hamasaki SK, et al. Influence of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine on the Dynamic Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of XP Endo Shaper Instruments. Eur J Dent. 2022;16(3):580-584. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1735934
22. Kwak SW, Ha JHH, Shen Y, Haapasalo M, Kim HCC. Comparison of the effects from coronal pre-flaring and glide-path preparation on torque generation during root canal shaping procedure. Aust Endod J. 2022;48(1):131-137.
doi:10.1111/aej.12548
23. La Rosa GRM, Shumakova V, Isola G, Indelicato F, Bugea C, Pedullà E. Evaluation of the cyclic fatigue of two single files at body and room temperature with different radii of curvature. Materials. 2021;14(9):2-9.
doi:10.3390/ma14092256
24. Huang X, Shen Y, Wei X, Haapasalo M. Fatigue Resistance of Nickel-titanium Instruments Exposed to High-concentration Hypochlorite. J Endod. 2017;43(11):1847-1851. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2017.06.033
25. Nogueira D, Bueno CEDS, Kato AS, Martin AS De, Pelegrine RA, Limoeiro AGDS, et al. Effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite on the cyclic fatigue resistance of three rotary instruments. J Conserv Dent. 2020;23(6):554-557.
doi:10.4103/JCD.JCD_117_19
26. Pedullà E, Grande NM, Plotino G, Pappalardo A, Rapisarda E. Cyclic fatigue resistance of three different nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2011;37(8):1139-1142. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2011.04.008
27. Mandel E, Adib-Yazdi M, Benhamou LM, Lachkar T, Mesgouez C, Sobel M. Rotary Ni-Ti profile systems for preparing curved canals in resin blocks: influence of operator on instrument breakage. Int Endod J. 1999;32(6):436-443. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2591.1999.00239.x
28. Basturk FB, Özyürek T, Uslu G, Gündoğar M. Mechanical Properties of the New Generation RACE EVO and R-Motion Nickel-Titanium Instruments. Materials (Basel). 2022;15(9). doi:10.3390/ma15093330
29. Bürklein S, Maßmann P, Schäfer E, Donnermeyer D. Cyclic Fatigue of Different Reciprocating Endodontic Instruments Using Matching Artificial Root Canals at Body Temperature In Vitro. Materials. 2024;17(4). doi:10.3390/ma17040827
30. Maniglia-Ferreira C, de Almeida Gomes F, Ximenes T, Neto MAT, Arruda TE, Ribamar GG, et al. Influence of reuse and cervical preflaring on the fracture strength of reciprocating instruments. Eur J Dent. 2017;11(1):41-47.
doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_272_16
31. Ounsi HF, Salameh Z, Al-Shalan T, Ferrari M, Grandini S, Pashley DH, et al. Effect of clinical use on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary instruments. J Endod. 2007;33(6):737-741. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.03.006