Health Coaching: America's Overlooked Personalized Health Solution
Main Article Content
Abstract
Chronic diseases are on the rise in the United States, particularly in rural and underserved areas, and they are often caused by preventable factors, accounting for a significant portion of healthcare costs. The short duration of routine medical visits does not give clinicians enough time to adequately address and support changes in patients' behavior that are required to improve health outcomes. Health coaching, which focuses on holistic behavior modification, shows potential in preventing and controlling chronic diseases through individualized assistance and accountability. Motivational interviewing and continual patient involvement are critical components of health coaching, and they have proven to be highly beneficial. Despite the established success of existing programs, a more comprehensive implementation tailored to individual requirements is required. Health coaching is an underutilized but intriguing method for healthcare providers to address patient health concerns proactively and directly at the cause. This strategy focuses on those who neglect their health owing to stated time restrictions, financial worries, or a lack of health education, resulting in delayed treatment and the onset of preventable chronic disease. The adaptable design, as well as a combination of medical experts and volunteers, offers exciting possibilities for urban, suburban, and rural locations alike, and may be the answer to a long-standing problem to personalized medicine in a highly diverse healthcare environment.
Keywords:
Health coaching, Chronic diseases, Preventive healthcare, Behavioral modification, Patient support, Motivational interviewing, Personalized healthcare
Article Details
How to Cite
MILLER, Briar R.; KLEIN, Arthur A.; LEHESTE, Joerg R..
Health Coaching: America's Overlooked Personalized Health Solution.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 12, n. 8, aug. 2024.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/5662>. Date accessed: 06 sep. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v12i8.5662.
Section
Review Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
References
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24. Riley C. Motivational Interviewing Questions for Health Coaching. March 18, 2021. https://www.afpafitness.com/blog/5-question-types-to-help-motivate-and-engage-clients/. Accessed June 28, 2024.
25. Hall K, Gibbie T, Lubman DI. Motivational interviewing techniques: Facilitating behaviour change in the general practice setting. Aust Fam Physician. 2012 Sep;41(9):660-667. https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/september/motivational-interviewing-techniques/.
26. Staunch D. Rock Steady Boxers Fight Parkinson’s Disease with Exercise and Determination. Baxter Regional Health System. June 16, 2022. www.baxterregional.org/news-updates/2022/june/mruk-family-education-center-on-aging-offers-roc/. Accessed June 28, 2024.
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PMID: 35169533; PMCID: PMC8829809.
29. Ström I, Söderman A, Johansson M. Experiences of working as a cultural doula in Sweden: An interview study. Eur J Midwifery. 2021 Jun 25;5:20. doi:10.18332/ejm/137365. PMID: 34222838; PMCID: PMC8231438.
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32. Parkinson MD, Hammonds T, Keyser DJ, Wheeler JR, Peele PB. Impact of physician referral to health coaching on patient engagement and health risks: An observational study of UPMC's Prescription for Wellness. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(4):366-375. doi:10.1177/0890117119900588.
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37. Jordan M. Health coaching for the underserved. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(3):75-82. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2013.025.
38. Weigner K. Everything you need to know about health coach insurance. Institute for Integrative Nutrition. June 8, 2024. https://www.integrativenutrition.com/blog/health-coach-insurance. Accessed June 30, 2024.
39. Wielen S. Everything you need to know about liability insurance for health coaches. Sam Vander Wielen | DIY Legal Templates for Online Businesses. October 18, 2023. https://www.samvanderwielen.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-liability-insurance-for-health-coaches/. Accessed June 30, 2024.
40. Reid N, Bennett W, Coughlin J, Thrift J, Kachur S, Gudzune KA. Evaluating an insurer-based health coaching program: Impact of program engagement on healthcare utilization and weight loss. Prev Med Rep. 2018;12:343-348. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.024.
41. The HIPAA Journal. HIPAA violation cases. 2024. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-violation-cases/.
42. Shaver J. The state of telehealth before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Prim Care. 2022;49(4):517-530. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.04.002.
43. Watson S. Telehealth: The advantages and disadvantages. Harvard Health. October 12, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/telehealth-the-advantages-and-disadvantages. Accessed June 30, 2024.
44. Coetzer JA, Loukili I, Goedhart NS, Ket JCF, Schuitmaker-Warnaar TJ, Zuiderent-Jerak T, Dedding C. The potential and paradoxes of eHealth research for digitally marginalised groups: A qualitative meta-review. Soc Sci Med. 2024;350:116895. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116895.
45. Sieczkowska SM, de Lima AP, Swinton PA, et al. Health coaching strategies for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(4):1449-1460. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa159.
46. Lin CL, Huang LC, Chang YT, Chen RY, Yang SH. Effectiveness of health coaching in diabetes control and lifestyle improvement: A randomized-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3878. doi:10.3390/nu13113878.
47. Kivelä K, Elo S, Kyngäs H, Kääriäinen M. The effects of health coaching on frequent attenders' adherence to health regimens and lifestyle factors: A quasi-experimental study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2021;35(4):1075-1085. doi:10.1111/scs.12920.
48. Meng F, Jiang Y, Yu P, et al. Effect of health coaching on blood pressure control and behavioral modification among patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2023;138:104406. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104406.
49. An S, Song R. Effects of health coaching on behavioral modification among adults with cardiovascular risk factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2029-2038. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.029.
50. Barnet-Hepples T, Dario A, Oliveira J, et al. Health coaching improves physical activity, disability and pain in adults with chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review. J Physiother. 2024;70(2):115-123. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2024.01.001.
2. PBS NewsHour. 15-minute doctor visits take a toll on patient-physician relationships. PBS NewsHour. www.pbs.org/newshour/health/need-15-minutes-doctors-time. Accessed June 24, 2024.
3. Gierisch JM, Hughes JM, Edelman D, et al. The Effectiveness of Health Coaching [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2017 Apr. Summary and discussion. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK487697/.
4. Perlman AI, Abu Dabrh AM. Health and wellness coaching in serving the needs of today's patients: a primer for healthcare professionals. Glob Adv Health Med. 2020;9:2164956120959274. doi:10.1177/ 2164956120959274. PMID: 33014630; PMCID: PMC7509728.
5. Taber JM, Leyva B, Persoskie A. Why do people avoid medical care? A qualitative study using national data. J Gen Intern Med. 2015 Mar;30(3):290-7. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3089-1. Epub 2014 Nov 12. PMID: 25387439; PMCID: PMC4351276.
6. Gordon NF, Salmon RD, Wright BS, Faircloth GC, Reid KS, Gordon TL. Clinical Effectiveness of Lifestyle Health Coaching: Case Study of an Evidence-Based Program. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016 Jul 7;11(2):153-166. doi:10.1177/1559827615592351. PMID: 30202328; PMCID: PMC6125027.
7. CDC. How You Can Prevent Chronic Diseases. CDC. October 26, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/about/prevent/index.htm. Accessed June 24, 2024.
8. Kim S, et al. Life’s Simple 7 Cardiovascular Health Metrics and Progression of Coronary Artery Calcium in a Low-Risk Population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019 Apr;39(4):826-833. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311821.
9. Golden A. Arkansans’ Life Expectancy among Worst in Nation. Axios. February 14, 2022. www.axios.com/local/nw-arkansas/2022/02/14/arkansans-life-expectancy-ranking. Accessed June 24, 2024.
10. 2022 Arkansas State Report. County Health Rankings & Roadmaps. https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/reports/state-reports/2022-arkansas-state-report. Accessed June 24, 2024.
11. Arkansas State Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Profile 2016, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/118608/cdc_118608_DS1.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2024.
12. Burgos RC, van Wijk EP, van Wijk R, He M, van der Greef J. Crossing the Boundaries of Our Current Healthcare System by Integrating Ultra-Weak Photon Emissions with Metabolomics. Front Physiol. 2016 Dec 15;7:611. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00611. PMID: 28018239; PMCID: PMC5156693.
13. Moynihan R, Heath I, Henry D. Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongering. BMJ. 2002 Apr 13;324(7342):886-91. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7342.886. PMID: 11950740; PMCID: PMC1122833.
14. Doyle C, Lennox L, Bell D. A systematic review of evidence on the links between patient experience and clinical safety and effectiveness. BMJ Open. 2013;3. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001570.
15. Gierisch JM, Hughes JM, Edelman D, et al. The Effectiveness of Health Coaching [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 2017 Apr. PMID: 29553632.
16. Allen JD. Size Matters: What is the Best Patient Panel Size for a Primary Care Physician? August 27, 2017. https://hospitalmedicaldirector.com/size-matters-what-is-the-best-patient-panel-size-for-a-primary-care-physician/. Accessed June 24, 2024.
17. Weber DO. How Many Patients Can a Primary Care Physician Treat? February 11, 2019. https://www.physicianleaders.org/articles/how-many-patients-can-primary-care-physician-treat. Accessed June 24, 2024.
18. Jonk Y, Lawson K, O'Connor H, Riise KS, Eisenberg D, Dowd B, Kreitzer MJ. How effective is health coaching in reducing health services expenditures? Med Care. 2015 Feb;53(2):133-40. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000287.
PMID: 25588134.
19. Thom DH, Wolf J, Gardner H, DeVore D, Lin M, Ma A, Ibarra-Castro A, Saba G. A qualitative study of how health coaches support patients in making health-related decisions and behavioral changes. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):509-516. doi:10.1370/afm.1988. PMID: 28376437; PMCID: PMC5389392.
20. Leahey TM, Wing RR. A randomized controlled pilot study testing three types of health coaches for obesity treatment: Professional, peer, and mentor. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 May;21(5):928-34. doi:10.1002/oby.20271. PMID: 23784896; PMCID: PMC3484232.
21. Kresser C. Health Coaching Strategies. Kresser Institute for Functional and Evolutionary Medicine. 2024. https://kresserinstitute.com/health-coaching-strategies/. Accessed July 25, 2024.
22. Lyon College – Health Coaching. 2024. https://www.lyon.edu/health-coaching. Accessed June 25, 2024.
23. Flanery H. Lyon Health Coaching Program Has Positive Impact on Students, Community. White River Now - Batesville, AR. September 16, 2021. www.whiterivernow.com/2021/09/16/lyon-health-coaching-program-has-positive-impact-on-students-community/. Accessed July 28, 2024.
24. Riley C. Motivational Interviewing Questions for Health Coaching. March 18, 2021. https://www.afpafitness.com/blog/5-question-types-to-help-motivate-and-engage-clients/. Accessed June 28, 2024.
25. Hall K, Gibbie T, Lubman DI. Motivational interviewing techniques: Facilitating behaviour change in the general practice setting. Aust Fam Physician. 2012 Sep;41(9):660-667. https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/september/motivational-interviewing-techniques/.
26. Staunch D. Rock Steady Boxers Fight Parkinson’s Disease with Exercise and Determination. Baxter Regional Health System. June 16, 2022. www.baxterregional.org/news-updates/2022/june/mruk-family-education-center-on-aging-offers-roc/. Accessed June 28, 2024.
27. Arkansas Children’s. Center for Obesity and its Consequences in Health Clinic (C.O.A.C.H.). 2024. https://www.archildrens.org/programs-and-services/coach-clinic?&journey=symptoms. Accessed June 28, 2024.
28. Kim CS, Akers A, Muraleetharan D, Skolnik A, Garney W, Wilson K, Rao AS, Li Y. Modeling the impact of a health coaching intervention to prevent teen pregnancy. Prev Med Rep. 2022 Jan 29;26:101716. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101716.
PMID: 35169533; PMCID: PMC8829809.
29. Ström I, Söderman A, Johansson M. Experiences of working as a cultural doula in Sweden: An interview study. Eur J Midwifery. 2021 Jun 25;5:20. doi:10.18332/ejm/137365. PMID: 34222838; PMCID: PMC8231438.
30. ASPE Office of Health Policy. Doula Care and Maternal Health: An Evidence Review. Knocke K, Chappel A, Sugar S, De Lew N, Sommers B. December 2022. https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/dfcd768f1caf6fabf3d281f762e8d068/ASPE-Doula-Issue-Brief-12March of Dimes.
31. March of Dimes. Maternity care deserts report. Nowhere to Go: Maternity Care Deserts Across the U.S. (2022 Report). 2024. https://www.marchofdimes.org/maternity-care-deserts-report. Accessed June 28, 2024.
32. Parkinson MD, Hammonds T, Keyser DJ, Wheeler JR, Peele PB. Impact of physician referral to health coaching on patient engagement and health risks: An observational study of UPMC's Prescription for Wellness. Am J Health Promot. 2020;34(4):366-375. doi:10.1177/0890117119900588.
33. Rakshit S, McGough M, Amin K. Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker. Health & Wellbeing. How does U.S. life expectancy compare to other countries? January 30, 2024. https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/u-s-life-expectancy-compare-countries/#Life%20expectancy%20at%20birth,%20in%20years,%201980-2022. Accessed June 29, 2024.
34. Huizenga B. Community Multi-share Coverage Program Act. HR 4925, 116th Cong, 1st Sess (2019). https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/4925?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22Community+Multi-Share+Coverage+Program+Act%22%7D&s=3&r=1. Accessed June 29, 2024.
35. Payne DM Jr. Expressing support for health and wellness coaches. H.Res.481, 117th Cong, 1st Sess (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/481?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22H.Res.481%22%7D&s=9&r=1. Accessed June 29, 2024.
36. Heinrich M. A resolution expressing support for health and wellness coaches. S.Res.272, 117th Cong, 1st Sess (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-resolution/272?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%22S.Res.272%22%7D&s=2&r=1. Accessed June 29, 2024.
37. Jordan M. Health coaching for the underserved. Glob Adv Health Med. 2013;2(3):75-82. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2013.025.
38. Weigner K. Everything you need to know about health coach insurance. Institute for Integrative Nutrition. June 8, 2024. https://www.integrativenutrition.com/blog/health-coach-insurance. Accessed June 30, 2024.
39. Wielen S. Everything you need to know about liability insurance for health coaches. Sam Vander Wielen | DIY Legal Templates for Online Businesses. October 18, 2023. https://www.samvanderwielen.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-liability-insurance-for-health-coaches/. Accessed June 30, 2024.
40. Reid N, Bennett W, Coughlin J, Thrift J, Kachur S, Gudzune KA. Evaluating an insurer-based health coaching program: Impact of program engagement on healthcare utilization and weight loss. Prev Med Rep. 2018;12:343-348. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.10.024.
41. The HIPAA Journal. HIPAA violation cases. 2024. https://www.hipaajournal.com/hipaa-violation-cases/.
42. Shaver J. The state of telehealth before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Prim Care. 2022;49(4):517-530. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2022.04.002.
43. Watson S. Telehealth: The advantages and disadvantages. Harvard Health. October 12, 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/telehealth-the-advantages-and-disadvantages. Accessed June 30, 2024.
44. Coetzer JA, Loukili I, Goedhart NS, Ket JCF, Schuitmaker-Warnaar TJ, Zuiderent-Jerak T, Dedding C. The potential and paradoxes of eHealth research for digitally marginalised groups: A qualitative meta-review. Soc Sci Med. 2024;350:116895. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116895.
45. Sieczkowska SM, de Lima AP, Swinton PA, et al. Health coaching strategies for weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(4):1449-1460. doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa159.
46. Lin CL, Huang LC, Chang YT, Chen RY, Yang SH. Effectiveness of health coaching in diabetes control and lifestyle improvement: A randomized-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):3878. doi:10.3390/nu13113878.
47. Kivelä K, Elo S, Kyngäs H, Kääriäinen M. The effects of health coaching on frequent attenders' adherence to health regimens and lifestyle factors: A quasi-experimental study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2021;35(4):1075-1085. doi:10.1111/scs.12920.
48. Meng F, Jiang Y, Yu P, et al. Effect of health coaching on blood pressure control and behavioral modification among patients with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Nurs Stud. 2023;138:104406. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104406.
49. An S, Song R. Effects of health coaching on behavioral modification among adults with cardiovascular risk factors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns. 2020;103(10):2029-2038. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2020.04.029.
50. Barnet-Hepples T, Dario A, Oliveira J, et al. Health coaching improves physical activity, disability and pain in adults with chronic non-cancer pain: A systematic review. J Physiother. 2024;70(2):115-123. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2024.01.001.