Study on standard limits of cadmium in urine for chronic cadmium poisoning diagnostic in China
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective To study the standard limits of urinary cadmium for chronic cadmium poisoning diagnostic in China. Methods In five non-environmental cadmium pollution areas, Randomly selected non-occupational cadmium exposed population 1369 people (male 644, female 752) with each gender and 25-54 age, questionnaire surveyed and collected random urine. Urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine(Cr) concentration were tested, excluding urinary Cr <0.3 g/L and >3 g/L. Stratified by influence factors of urinary cadmium, reference limits of cadmium poisoning are proposed by 95% quantile (P95) of urinary cadmium of general population after correction by urinary Cr. Results Urinary cadmium increased with age and showed an upward trend. Women significantly higher than male, and smokers significantly higher than non-smokers (P<0.01) in male. According to gender, smoking and 25～34 and 35～54 years of age, analysis the upper limit of cadmium in urine, the 95% upper limit of urinary cadmium of female (<9.73μg/gCr) and 35～54 male smokers (8.08 μg/gCr) was significantly higher than other populations (<6.0 μg/gCr). In addition to the 25～34 year-old non-smoker male, the 95% upper limit of urinary cadmium exceeded the urinary cadmium limits (5 μg/gCr) of Diagnosis of Occupational Cadmium Poisoning (GB Z17—2015) in China, but below the kidney damage biological threshold value (10 μg/gCr) recommended by WHO, and also below the criteria of health hazard area of environmental cadmium pollution (GB / T 17221-1998) (15 μg/gCr). Conclusion Suggest to universalize two standard limits of urine cadmium of GBZ17-2015 and GB / T 17221-1998, and adjust to <10 μg / gCr. But for smoking women over 30 year-old it needs more research to explore.
Article Details
How to Cite
HAN, Jingxiu.
Study on standard limits of cadmium in urine for chronic cadmium poisoning diagnostic in China.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 6, oct. 2016.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/601>. Date accessed: 21 dec. 2024.
Keywords
Environmental Epidemiology
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Du Yu, Shang Qi. Review of effect on human health for environmental cadmium pollution [J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2006,35(2): 241-243
3. National Health and Family Planning Commission. Diagnosis of occupational cadmium poisoning（GBZ 17-2015）. Implementation since May 1, 2016.
4. Ministry of Health. Criteria of Health Hazard Area of Environmental Cadmium Pollution (GB / T 17221-1998).
5. WHO. Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace[M]. Geneva:WHO,1996
6. Zhang Wenli, Li Qiujuan, Shi Lijuan, et al. Investigation of dietary intake of cadmium in certain polluted area of south in China [J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2009,38(5):552-554
7. HAN Jingxiu, LI Qiujuan, YAO Dancheng, et al. Investigation of urinary cadmium reference of general population in two rural high background areas of soil cadmium and non-cadmium-polluted in China [J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2014,43(5): 939-943.
8. HAN Jingxiu, HU Ji, SUN Hong,et al. Investigation of urinary cadmium characteristics of the general population in three non-cadmium-polluted rural areas in China [J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2014,43(6): 939-943
9. WHO (2010). Exposure to cadmium: a major public health concern. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/features/cadmium. Accessed 8–17 June 2010.
10. Shang Qi. Principle for strategic decision based on population health risk in emergence environmental cadmium pollution control [J]. Journal of Hygiene Research, 2012,41(3): :354-356
11. Shang Qi. Application of standard of population health assessment exposed to environmental cadmium pollution [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2010, 27(9): 830-831
12. Chen Xuemin. Environmental Health [M]. Beijing: People's Health Press, 2004: 281-283.
13. Cai Shiwen, Yue Lin, Yuan Yiao, et al. Research on standards of health hazard caused by environmental pollution [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 1994,11 (3): 97-99
14. Hao Daqign, Zhang Yimin, Xie Guohong, et al. Normal value of cadmium in urine tested by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry [J]. Journal of Labor Occupational, 1995, 13 (4): 251
15. Zhong Qian，Hu Jinlan，LI Xiaofei, et al. A multilevel model to analyze urine cadmium level of residents and its influencing factors in Guigang，Guangxi [J]. Journal of Environmental Hygiene．2015,5 (1): 1-5
16. Wu Ye，Wang Dong-yue，Shen Ming-zhu，et al. Investigation on internal exposure of cadmium among healthy residents in rural area of southern Jiangsu [J]. Occup and Health，2016，32(7):960-962
17. Kong Xingyun, He Sanyuan, Tan Xiaoyan. Gender differences of blood cadmium concentrations of neonatal [J]. Hunan Medical University, 1999, 24 (3): 305-306
18. Shang Qi Cai Shiwen. Relationship of cadmium intake and renal damage in population living in environment cadmium polluted area[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 1993, 10 (5): 193-196.
19. Kasuya M, Kato T, Aoshima K, et al. Present status of Itai-itai disease patients as of January 16, 2004[J]. KankyoHoken Rep, 2005, 69:7-20