Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the Context of the Future of Vaccination, and the Question of Systemic or Mucosal Immunity
Main Article Content
Abstract
We review the current knowledge regarding how best to approach development of lasting immunity in infancy without inducing unwanted adverse vaccine effects among which could be sudden infant death syndrome and neurological developmental problems. The review also addresses current problems in vaccine development generally including formulating infant vaccination schedules based on knowledge obtained in trials conducted in adults, a process so fundamentally flawed to warrant intense review. We explain the two key mechanisms by which the infant and adult human protects itself from foreign pathogens these being the very complex but integrated immune systems – the Th1-based Mucosal Immune System and the Th2-based Systemic Immune System. The potential issue of hyperimmunization is discussed and the review addresses the latest developments that could provide a useful path to safer immunisation in infancy.
Article Details
How to Cite
GOLDWATER, Paul N. et al.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the Context of the Future of Vaccination, and the Question of Systemic or Mucosal Immunity.
Medical Research Archives, [S.l.], v. 13, n. 6, june 2025.
ISSN 2375-1924.
Available at: <https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6667>. Date accessed: 15 july 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v13i6.6667.
Section
Research Articles
The Medical Research Archives grants authors the right to publish and reproduce the unrevised contribution in whole or in part at any time and in any form for any scholarly non-commercial purpose with the condition that all publications of the contribution include a full citation to the journal as published by the Medical Research Archives.
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2. Farrington CP, Firth MJ, Moulton LH, Ravn H, Andersen PK, Evans S et al. Epidemiological studies of the non-specific effects of vaccines: II – methodological issues in the design and analysis of cohort studies. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14:977–985. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02302.x
3. Goldwater PN, Gorczynski RM, Steele EJ.: Sudden infant death syndrome: a review and re-evaluation of vaccination risks. Medical Research Archives, 2025: 3(3). https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/6349
4. Goldwater PN.: The science (or nonscience) of research into sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Front. Pediatr. 2022;10:865051. DOI:10.3389/fpe d.2022.865051.
5. Miller NZ, Goldman S. :Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: Is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity? Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011: 30:1420–1428. DOI: 10.117 7/0960327111407644
6. Goldman GS, Miller NZ.: Reaffirming a positive correlation between number of vaccine doses and infant mortality rates: a response to critics. Cureus 2023;15(2), e34566. DOI 10.7759/cureus.34566.
7. Bretscher P.: What determines the class of immunity an antigen Induces? A foundational question whose rational consideration has been undermined by the information overload. Biology (Basel). 2023a;12:1253. doi: 10.3390/biology1209 1253.
8. Bretscher P.: Rediscovering the Immune System as an Integrated Organ. Freisen Press. Victoria, BC, 2016.ISBN: 978-1-46027406-4.
9. Bretscher P.: The Foundations of Immunology and their Pertinence to Medical Interventions. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon , Tyne , UK, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-0364-1257-9
10. Lobaina Y, Chen R, Suzarte E, et al.: The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, combined with ODN-39M, Is a potential component for an intranasal bivalent vaccine with broader functionality. Viruses. 2024;16:418.
https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030418.
11. Mosmann TR, Coffman RL.:TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:145 -173. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.0401 89.001045.
12. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS.: Rethinking next-generation vaccines for coronaviruses, influenzaviruses, and other respiratory viruses. Cell Host & Microbe. 2023;31:146-157. DOI:10.101 6/j.chom.2022.11.016.
13. McLure CA, Hinchliffe P, Lester S, et al: Genomic evolution and polymorphism: segmental duplications and haplotypes at 108 regions on 21 chromosomes. Genomics 2013;103: 15-26 DOI:10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.02.011
14. Hall NE, Mamrot J, Frampton C, et al. 2020 Blood and saliva-derive exomes from healthy Caucasian subjects do not display overt evidence of somatic mosaicism. Mut Res Fund Mech Mutagen 2020; 821 (2020) 111705
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2020.111705.
15. Dou Y, Gold DHD, Luquette LJ, et al.: Detecting somatic mutations in normal cells. Trends Genet. 2018;34:545–557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2018.04.003.
16. Lodato MA, Rodin RE, Bohrson CL, et al.: Aging and neurodegeneration are associated with increased mutations in single human neurons. Science 2018;359:555–559, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao4426.
17. Vattathil S, Scheet P.: Extensive hidden genomic mosaicism revealed in normal tissue, Amer. J. Hum. Genet 2016;98;571–578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.003.
18. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, et al.: Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:10604-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500398102.
19. Steele EJ.: Ancestral Haplotypes. Our genomes have been shaped in the deep past . Nearurban Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9864115-0-2. 2015.
https://www.amazon.com.au/Ancestral-Haplotypes-Genomes-Have-Shaped/dp/0986411507. A copy is at
https://www.academia.edu/128651012/Steele_EJ_2015_Ancestral_Haplotypes_2nd_Impression_email_ver_copy.
20. Russell M. 2022. Review of “A single dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induces airway immunity in COVID-19 convalescent patients” Qeios (2022), KOTETH. doi: 10.32388/K0TETH.
21. Russell MW, Mestecky J.: Mucosal immunity: The missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission. Front Immunol. 2022; 13:957107. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957107.
22. Desombere I, Willems A, Leroux-Roels G.: Response to hepatitis B vaccine: multiple HLA genes are involved. Tissue Antigens. 1998;5:593–604.
23. Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM, et al.: Identification of an association between HLA class II alleles and low antibody levels after measles immunization. Vaccine. 2001;20(34):430–438. DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00346-2.
24. Wang C, Tang J, Song W, et al. : HLA and cytokine gene polymorphisms are independently associated with responses to hepatitis B vaccination. Hepatology. 2004;39(4):978–988. DOI:10.1002/he p.20142.
25. Frafjord A, Buer L, Hammarstrom C, et al.: The immune landscape of human primary lung tumors is Th2 skewed. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov 18:12: 764596.doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764596. eCollection 2021.DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764596.
26. Corthay A.: How do regulatory T cells work? Scand J Immunol. 2009 :70:326-336. doi: 10.111 1/j.1365-3083.2009.02308.x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02308.x.
27. Menon JN, Bretscher PA.: Parasite dose determines the Th1/Th2 nature of the response to Leishmania major independently of infection route and strain of host or parasite. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28: 4020-4028. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199812)28:12<4020::AID-IMMU4020>3.0.CO;2-3
28. Bretscher PA.:The problem of host and pathogen genetic variability for developing strategies of universally efficacious vaccination against and personalised immunotherapy of tuberculosis: potential solutions? Int J Mol Sci. 2023b;24:1887. doi: 10.33 90/ijms24031887.
29. Kiros TG, Power CA, Wei G, et al.: 2010. Immunization of newborn and adult mice with low numbers of BCG leads to Th1 imprints and enhanced protection upon BCG challenge. Immunother. 2010;2: 25-35. DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.80
30. Power CA, Wei G, Bretscher, PA.1998. Mycobacterial dose defines the Th1/Th2 nature of the immune response independently of whether immunisation is by intravenous, subcutaneous or intradermal route. Infect Immun. 1998;66: 57.43-5750. DOI:10.1128/IAI.66.12.5743-5750.1998.
31. Mamrot J, Balachandran S, Steele E.J, et al.: Molecular model linking Th2 polarized M2 tumour-associated macrophages with deaminase-mediated cancer progression mutation signatures. Scand. J. Immunol. 2019; 89: e12760. DOI:10.1111/sji.12760.
32. Jung SW, Jeon JJ, Kim YH, et al: Long-term risk of autoimmune diseases after mRNA-based SARS-CoV2 vaccination in a Korean, nationwide, population-based cohort study. Nat Comm. 2024;15(1):6181. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50656-8.
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